1、Designation: D4016 08D4016 14Standard Test Method forViscosity and Gel Time of Chemical Grouts byBrookfieldRotational Viscometer (Laboratory Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4016; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,
2、in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of viscosity of catalysedcatalyzed che
3、mical grouts with the Brookfielda rotationalviscometer (laboratory method), over the range from 1.0 mPas to 1000 cP (0.001 to 1 Pas).mPas (1.0 to 1000 cP).1.2 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in PracticeD6026.1.2.1 The
4、 procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industrystandard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do notconsider material variation, purpose of obtain
5、ing the data, special purpose studies, or any consideratons for the users objectives;and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations.It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysi
6、s methods for engineering design.1.3 The values stated in SI units are the standard. Other units provided in parentheses are for the convenience of the user.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user
7、of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1.3 This test method offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replaceeducation or experience and should
8、 be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may beapplicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which theadequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be
9、 applied without consideration of a projectsmany unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved throughthe ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
10、D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used inEngineering Design and ConstructionD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical DataE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE1142 Terminology Relating to
11、Thermophysical Properties3. Terminology3.1 For common definitions of terms used in this standard, refer to TerminologyTerminologies D653 and E1142.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 coeffcient of viscositythe ratio between the applied shear stress and the rate of shear. This co
12、efficient is a measure ofthe resistance to flow of the liquid. It is commonly called the viscosity of the liquid. The cgs unit of viscosity is 1 g/cms (1 dyn/s1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.15 o
13、n Stabilization WithAdmixtures.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2008June 15, 2014. Published February 2008July 2014. Originally approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 20022008 asD4016 02.D4016 08. DOI: 10.1520/D4016-08.10.1520/D4016-14.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM websi
14、te, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication
15、 of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be conside
16、red the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1cm 2) and is called a poise (P). Viscosities of thin liquids are normally given in hundredths o
17、f a poise or centipoises (cP). The SIunit of viscosity is 1 Pas (1 Ns/m2) and is equal to 10 P, or 1000 cP.3.2.2 Newtonian liquida liquid in which the shear stress is proportional to the rate of shearing strain. This constant ratio isthe viscosity. Non-Newtonian behavior can be determined with the B
18、rookfield instrument by taking measurements at differentspindle speeds.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Arotating spindle is immersed in a container of catalysedcatalyzed chemical grout.An index to the viscosity is read directlyon the instrument scale.The test specimen viscosity is obtained from the dra
19、g on the spindle exerted by the test specimen, and therotational speed of the spindle.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test is intended for materials that will penetrate soil voids and rock fissures. Viscosity alone is not necessarily an exactindex of grout penetrability.NOTE 1The quality of the resu
20、lt produced by this test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability ofthe equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objectivetesting/sampling/inspection/etc. Users o
21、f this standard are cautioned that compliance with of Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results.Reliable results depend on mnay factors; of Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.6. Apparatus6.1 Brookfield ViscometerAny model whose lower limit of effectiv
22、e measurement is less than the value of the sample. ModelsLVF and LVT should be used for measurements above 20 cP (20 mPas), and for measurements from 1 to 20 cP (1 to 20 mPas)with the addition of a Model UL adapter. Models RV, RT, HA, and HB may be used for measurements above 100 cP (100 mPas).NOTE
23、 2The UL adapter may be used for better accuracy in the 20 to 100-cP (20 to 100-mPas) range also.6.2 Griffn Beaker, 600-cm3, low-form used as the container for the sample. Beaker material must not react with the grout. Glassbeakers are not acceptable for silicates. Stainless steel beakers are accept
24、able for all materials.6.3 Calibrated Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers, accurate to 61.0F (0.5C), or any other thermometric device of equal accuracy.NOTE 3Glass thermometers should not be used with silicates.6.1 Temperature-Control Bath, Rotational Viscometerfor work at other than ambient temperature, a
25、nd large enough to holdthe sample container. Any bath that will maintain its temperature within 61.0F (0.5C) during the test period is adequate.Theessential instrumentation required providing the minimum rotational viscometer analytical capabilities for this method include:NOTE 4Grout temperature mu
26、st equal bath temperature at the start of the test. Temperature rise due to chemical reaction does not invalidate the testdata.6.1.1 A drive motor to apply a unidirectional rotational displacement to the specimen at a rate from 0.3 revolutions per minute(rev/min) to 60 rev/min constant to within 1 %
27、.6.1.2 A force sensor to measure the torque developed by the specimen.6.1.3 A coupling shaft or other means to transmit the rotational displacement from the motor to the specimen.6.1.4 A geometry, spindle, tool or rotational element to fix the specimen between the drive shaft and a stationary positi
28、on witha range of 1 mPas to 1000 mPas.NOTE 1Each spindle typically covers a range of about 2 decades of viscosity. The spindle is selected so that the measured viscosity is between 20and 80 % of the range of the spindle.6.1.5 A guard to protect the spindle from mechanical damage.6.1.6 A temperature
29、sensor to provide an indication of the specimen temperature over the range of 15C (59F) to 25C (77F)readable to within 6 0.1C (0.2F).NOTE 2Glass thermometers should not be used with silicates.6.1.7 A temperature bath to provide a controlled isothermal temperature environment for the specimen applica
30、ble to thetemperature range of this method.6.1.8 A temperature controller capable of operating the temperature bath at an isothermal temperature over the range of 15C(59F) to 25C (79F) constant to within 6 0.5C (6 1F).6.1.9 A data collection device, to provide a means of acquiring, storing, and disp
31、laying measured or calculated signals, or both.The minimum output signals required for rotational viscosity are torque, rotational speed, temperature and time.6.1.10 A stand, to support, level and adjust the height of the drive motor, shaft and spindle.6.1.11 A specimen container, of approximately 6
32、00 mL capacity, to contain the specimen during testing.NOTE 3A 600-mL low form stainless steel Griffin Beaker has been found suitable for this purpose. The composition of the container must not reactD4016 142with the grout. Glass containers are not acceptable for silicates.NOTE 4Grout temperature mu
33、st equal bath temperature at the start of the test. Temperature rise due to chemical reaction does not invalidate the testdata.7. Sample Preparation7.1 The temperature of the grout components at time of testing shall be 68 6 1F (20 6 0.5C). between 19.5C and 20.5C(68 6 1F). Grout temperature must eq
34、ual bath temperature at the start of the test. Temperature rise due to chemical reaction doesnot invalidate the test data.NOTE 5Alternatively, three or more tests at various temperatures may be taken to define a viscosity versus temperature relationship. It is desirableto have such tests span the an
35、ticipated ground temperature.7.2 Viscosity data should be taken on catalysedcatalyzed grout solution that contains all of the components normally used forfield application.8. Procedure8.1 Prepare the grout components separately and bring them to the required temperature.8.2 Catalyze the grout in the
36、 600 mL container.8.3 When not using the UL adapter attach the No. 1 spindle to the lower shaft.Insert the spindle into the specimen up to theindicator mark on the shaft and level the viscometer.8.2.1 When using the UL adapter attach the locating channel to the viscometer. Assemble the spindle, exte
37、nsion link, andcoupling nut. Thread the coupling nut onto the viscometer spindle coupling. Guide the tube over the spindle. Thread the lowermounting screw into the tube collar.NOTE 6For more detailed assembly instructions, refer to the manufacturers operation manual.8.4 Initiate the rotation of the
38、spindle at the lowest speed available.8.5 Increase the spindle rotational speed to that required to produce a reading nearest the midpoint of the torque scale. Readingsbetween 20 and 80 % full scale are acceptable.8.6 Catalyse the grout in a 600-cmRecord the 3 beaker. For materials whose gel time ra
39、nge is between 10 and 30 min, gel timeshould be set at about 20 min. Instrument readings of viscosity (versus time) should be taken at approximately every twominutes.viscosity (or torque and rotational speed) every 60 seconds.8.3.1 For materials whose gel time range is less than 10 min, a gel time s
40、hould be set between 50 and 100 % of gel time range,and readings taken at least every 2 min or, if possible, at 1-min intervals.NOTE 6For materials whose gel time range is between 10 and 30 min, gel time should be set at about 20 min. Instrument readings of viscosity (versustime) should be taken at
41、approximately every two minutes. For materials whose gel time range is less than 10 min, a gel time should be set between 50and 100 % of gel time range, and readings taken at least every 2 min or, if possible, at 1-min intervals. For materials whose gel time range is over 30min, a gel time should be
42、 selected at least 25 % above minimum, and readings taken at approximately equal time intervals to permit at least five readingsprior to gelation.8.3.2 For materials whose gel time range is over 30 min, a gel time should be selected at least 25 % above minimum, andreadings taken at approximately equ
43、al time intervals to permit at least five readings prior to gelation.NOTE 7For materials whose normal setting time is modified by prolonged agitation (this includes many silicate and acrylamide grouts) only onereading per sample should be taken, and multiple samples used to define the viscosity-time
44、 data.NOTE 7For materials whose normal setting time is modified by prolonged agitation (this includes many silicate and acrylamide grouts) only onereading per sample should be taken, and multiple samples used to define the viscosity-time data.NOTE 8For all samples whose gel time permits more than on
45、e reading, at least one shall be taken at a different spindle speed, from that originallyselected. If apparent viscosities differ by more than 20 % at different spindle speeds, the grout shall be reported as non-Newtonian.NOTE 9For non-Newtonian fluids it is recommended that, where possible, suffici
46、ent readings be taken so that a chart of spindle speed versus“effective” viscosity may be reported.8.4 Insert the spindle or UL adapter into the group up to the reference mark and level the viscometer.8.5 Select the highest spindle speed that will give a viscometer reading between 20 % and 80 % of s
47、cale. The following tablemay be used as a selection guide.With Model UL Adapterrpm Range, cP or mPas50 to 100 0 to 1020 to 50 10 to 3010 to 20 20 to 501 to 10 50 to 100D4016 143Without UL Adapterrpm Range, cP or mPas2 to 30 20 to 1000.5 to 20 50 to 2000.5 to 12 100 to 5000.5 to 6 200 to 10008.5.1 Fo
48、r all samples whose gel time permits more than one reading, at least one shall be taken at a different spindle speed, fromthat originally selected. If apparent viscosities differ by more than 20 % at different spindle speeds, the grout shall be reported asnon-Newtonian.NOTE 8For non-Newtonian fluids
49、 it is recommended that, where possible, sufficient readings be taken so that a chart of spindle speed versus“effective” viscosity may be reported.8.7 Depress the clutch and turn on the motor. Release the clutch and allow the dial to rotate untilPrepare a display of viscosityversus time. Determine the time required to reach a viscosity of 100 mPas. Report this value as gel time (see Fig. 1the pointerstabilizes.).NOTE 10At speeds above 4 rpm, 20 to 30 s will generally be required. At slower speeds, it may take longer
