1、Designation: D140/D140M 16Standard Practice forSampling Asphalt Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D140/D140M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parent
2、heses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This practice applies to the sampling of asphalt materi-als at po
3、ints of manufacture, storage, or delivery.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two
4、systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility
5、 of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D8 Terminology Relating to Materials for Roads and Pave-mentsD346 Practice for Collection and Preparation of CokeSamples for Laboratory Analysis3. Terminology3.1 Refer to Terminology D84. Significance and Use4.1 Sampl
6、ing is as important as testing, and precautionsshall be taken to obtain samples to show the true nature andcondition of the materials.4.2 Samples are taken for either of the following twopurposes:4.2.1 To represent as nearly as possible an average of thebulk of the materials sampled, or4.2.2 To asce
7、rtain the maximum variation in characteristicswhich the material possesses.5. Precautions5.1 Because of the numerous types and grades of asphaltmaterials that are alternately shipped and stored in the same orsimilar containers, the opportunity for contaminating thesecontainers with residues, precipi
8、tates, or cleaning solvents isever present. Numerous opportunities also exist for obtainingsamples which are not strictly representative of the material orare contaminated after removal. Therefore, it is incumbentupon the producer, transporter, user, and sampler to exercisecontinuous precaution in t
9、he sampling and handling of thesematerials.6. Selection of Samples6.1 Whenever practicable, asphalt materials shall besampled at the point of manufacture or storage, and at suchtime as to allow the tests controlling acceptance or rejection tobe made in advance of shipment.6.2 When the samples cannot
10、 be taken at the point ofmanufacture or storage, they shall be taken from the shipmentimmediately upon delivery.7. Size of Samples7.1 The sample size of liquid materials shall be as follows:7.1.1 For routine laboratory examination and from barrelsor drums, 500 mL to 1 L 1 pt to 1 qt.7.1.2 From bulk
11、storage, 4 L 1 gal.7.1.3 For emulsified asphalts, 1 L 1 qt.7.2 The sample size of semisolid or solid materials shall beas follows:7.2.1 From barrels, drums, or cakes, 1 to 2 kg 2 to 3 lb.7.2.2 From crushed or powdered material in bulk or bags, 1to 2 kg 2 to 3 lb.8. Containers8.1 Type of Containers:1
12、This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road andPaving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.30 onMethods of Sampling.Current edition approved June 1, 2016. Published June 2016. Originallyapproved in 1922. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D1
13、40/D140M 15.DOI: 10.1520/D0140_D0140M-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM Inter
14、national, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States18.1.1 Containers for liquid asphalt materials, except emul-sified asphalts, shall be wide-mouth cans with lined screw capsor triple-seal friction-top cans.8.1.2 Containers for emulsified asphalts shall be w
15、ide-mouth jars or bottles made of plastic, or wide-mouth plastic-lined cans with lined screw caps, or plastic-lined triple-sealfriction-top cans.8.1.3 Containers for crushed or powdered asphalt materialsshall be triple-seal friction-top cans or plastic sacks placed inother containers suitable for ha
16、ndling.8.2 Size of ContainersThe size of the container shallcorrespond to the required sample size.9. Protection and Preservation of Samples9.1 Sample containers shall be new. They shall not bewashed or rinsed, or wiped with an oily cloth. If they containevidence of solder flux, or if they are not c
17、lean and dry, theyshall not be used. Top and container shall fit together tightly.9.2 Care shall be taken to prevent the sample from becom-ing contaminated. Immediately after filling, the container shallbe tightly sealed.9.3 The filled sample container shall not be submerged insolvent, nor shall it
18、be wiped with a solvent saturated cloth. Ifcleaning is necessary use a clean dry cloth.9.4 Samples of emulsified asphalts shall be protected fromfreezing by correct packaging.NOTE 1When sampling emulsified asphalts, care should be taken notto sample material under pressure as such resultant velociti
19、es tend to causeair entrapment which could result in erroneous test results. Any visualbubbling of the material is one indication air has been entrapped. Inaddition, the sampling container should be completely filled to minimizea skin formation at the air-emulsion interface.9.5 Samples shall not be
20、transferred from one container toanother except where required by the sampling procedure.9.6 Immediately after filling, sealing, and cleaning, thesampling containers shall be properly marked for identificationwith a suitable marking pencil on the container itself, and noton the lid. Labels or tags a
21、lso may be used for identification ifthey can be securely fastened to the container in such a manneras to ensure that they will not be lost in transit. Labels or tagsshall not be attached to containers by using the lids to securethem. All identification materials shall maintain their integrityat tem
22、peratures up to 200C 390F.9.6.1 The labeling of the sample must, at a minimum,include an identification of the product or material type and thedate of sampling.10. Sampling at Place of Manufacture10.1 Vertical Tanks Not Capable of Being Agitated (LiquidMaterials or Materials Made Liquid by Heating)
23、(800 m35000 bbl or more capacity)Three sampling methods arerecommended (Note 2):10.1.1 Sampling-Valve MethodValves shall be located,with easy and safe access provided, on the side of the tank withthe first in the top third of the tank, but no higher than1m3ft from the top; the second in the middle t
24、hird of the tank; andthe third in the bottom third of the tank, but no lower than 1 m3 ft from the bottom. A recommended design of the samplingvalve is shown in Fig. 1.10.1.1.1 A minimum of 4 L 1 gal of the product shall bedrawn from each sample valve and discarded before taking thesample for test i
25、n a clean container.10.1.1.2 500 mL to 4 L 1 pt to 1 gal shall be drawn fromeach sample valve for test.10.1.2 Thief Sampler Method (not suitable for asphaltcements)Samples shall be taken in the top, middle, and lowersections at levels indicated in 10.1.1, of the tank by lowering athief sampler into
26、the material. A satisfactory type withinstructions for use is shown in Fig. 2.NOTE 2Most asphalt materials in the liquid state are of such viscousand adhesive character that, after normal emptying of a container bypouring, the container retains enough material to cause significantcontamination of an
27、y second samples secured before the container wasthoroughly cleaned. The aforementioned properties of asphalt materialsalso make container cleaning a difficult, tedious, and time-consuming task.NOTE 3The thief sampler described in Fig. 2 may be used forrepetitive sampling because significant sample
28、contamination by previouscontents is avoided by the self-cleaning action provided by the passage ofmaterial through the tube-shaped thief sampler which is open at both ends.The practice of raising and lowering the sampler 3 or 4 times through adistance of a metre (several feet) at the sampling depth
29、 is recommended.10.1.3 Throw-Away Container MethodSamples shall betaken at top, middle, and lower levels by lowering into thematerial a container in a suitable weighted holding device. Theessential feature of the method is to use a clean container totake the sample, pour this sample into another cle
30、an container,and throw away the container used to take the sample from thetank. A satisfactory type with instructions on how to use thedevice is shown in Fig. 3.10.1.4 The three samples from bulk storage tanks may betested separately for consistency to detect stratification. Theymay be combined, tho
31、roughly mixed, and a 500-mL to 4-L1-pt to 1-gal sample may be taken for other tests that may berequired for determining average characteristics of the mate-rial.FIG. 1 Typical Submerged Sampling DeviceD140/D140M 16210.2 Bulk Storage Tanks (Liquid Materials or MaterialsMade Liquid by Heating) Equippe
32、d with Mechanical AgitatorsWhen the tank is equipped with operating mechanicalagitators which, by observation through the sampling orinspection hatch, are performing adequate mixing of the tankcontents, a single sample taken by any of the methodsdescribed in 10.1.1, 10.1.2,or10.1.3 will be satisfact
33、ory to usefor test purposes.11. Sampling from Tank Cars, Vehicle Tanks, DistributorTrucks or Recirculating Storage Tanks11.1 The sample may be taken from the sample valve or tapif the tanks are provided with them. When such samplingdevices are required, they are to be built into the tank itself. Asa
34、mpling device of this type is shown in Fig. 1. Before thesample is taken, 4 L 1 gal shall be drawn from the samplevalve and discarded before taking the sample for test in a cleancontainer.11.2 Samples of liquid materials and materials made liquidby heating may be taken by the dip method using a clea
35、nwide-mouth or friction-top can in a suitable holder as shown inFig. 4. A clean container must be used to take each sample, andthe material sampled shall then be transferred to another newand clean container for retention or testing sample.11.3 A detachable fitting, similar in design to the one show
36、nin Fig. 5 may be inserted in the discharge line. Before thesample is taken 4 L 1 gal shall be drawn from this samplingvalve and discarded before taking the sample in a cleancontainer.12. Sampling from Tankers and Barges12.1 For liquid materials (including all cut-backs madeliquid by heating) top, m
37、iddle, and lower samples shall betaken using the methods as described in 10.1.2 and 10.1.3.12.2 For all other materials made liquid by heating, a topsample only shall be taken by the dip, thief, or throw-awaycontainer method.13. Sampling from Pipe Lines During Loading orUnloading13.1 When tankers an
38、d barges are being loaded or unloadedsamples may conveniently be taken from the pipe line throughwhich the material is flowing by insertion of a sampling pipeinto a rising section of the pipe line on the discharge side of thepump or in a completely filled line in which gravity creates thematerials f
39、low.Asuitable in-line sampling pipe is shown in Fig.5. The sampling pipe shall be not more than one eighth thediameter of the pipe line and its opening should be turned toface the flow of the liquid. This pipe shall be provided with avalve or plug cock and shall discharge into a sample receiver.At l
40、east three 4-L 1-gal samples shall be taken at uniformintervals throughout the entire loading or unloading. At thecompletion of the loading or unloading, the individual 4-L1-gal samples shall be combined, thoroughly mixed withoutaltering its characteristics, and a 4-L 1-gal sample takentherefrom.13.
41、2 When sampling tankers and barges 4000 m325 000bbl, or less, capacity, at least five 4-L 1-gal samples shall betaken at uniform intervals throughout the entire loading orunloading (4000 m325 000 bbl), or larger, capacity requiresat least ten 4-L 1-gal samples. At completion of the loadingor unloadi
42、ng, the individual 4-L 1-gal samples shall becombined, thoroughly mixed in a manner designed to not alterits characteristics, and a 4-L 1-gal sample taken therefrom.14. Sampling from Drums or Barrels14.1 After thorough mixing, samples of liquid asphaltmaterial from barrels or drums shall be secured
43、by tube or thiefsampling by taking 1 L 1 qt of material from packagesselected at random according to Section 15.15. Sampling Semisolid or Uncrushed Solid Materials15.1 Drums, Barrels, Cartons, and BagsWhere the lot ofmaterial to be sampled is obviously from a single run or batchof the producer, one
44、package shall be selected at random andsampled as described below. Where the lot of material to besampled is not obviously from a single run or batch of theproducer, or where the single samples selected as describedabove fails on test to conform to the requirements of thespecifications, a number of
45、packages shall be selected atrandom and equivalent to the cube root of the total number ofpackages in the lot. The following table is given, showing thenumber of samples to be selected for shipments of varioussizes.NOTE 1This type sampler is lowered into the tank with bottom valveopen (there is no t
46、op closure). When the desired depth is reached, thelowering chain is given a snap tug which closes the bottom valve. Thesampler is then withdrawn from the tank and the contents transferred tothe sample container. This sampler may be used for repetitive sampling inthe same tank.FIG. 2 Thief SamplerD1
47、40/D140M 163Packages in Shipment Packages Selected2to8 29to27 328 to 64 465 to 125 5126 to 216 6217 to 343 7344 to 512 8513 to 729 9730 to 1000 101001 to 1331 11Samples shall be taken from at least 75 mm 3 in. below thesurface and at least 75 mm 3 in. from the side of thecontainer. If the material i
48、s hard enough to shatter, use a cleanhatchet. If the material is soft, use a broad, stiff putty knife.When more than one package in a lot is sampled, eachindividual sample shall have a mass of not less than 0.1 kg0.25 lb in weight. When the lot of material is obviously froma single run or batch of t
49、he producer, all samples from the lotshall be melted and thoroughly mixed, and an average 4-L1-gal sample taken from the combined material for examina-tion. In case more than a single run or batch of the producer ispresent and the batches can be clearly differentiated, a com-posite 4-L 1- gal sample shall be prepared for examinationfrom each batch. Where it is not possible to differentiatebetween the various batches, each sample shall be examinedseparately.16. Sampling Crushed or Powdered Materials16.1 Bulk Sto
