1、Designation: D 1429 03Standard Test Methods forSpecific Gravity of Water and Brine1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1429; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in p
2、arentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods cover the determination of thespecific gravity of water and brine free of separable oil, asfollows:SectionsTest Method APycno
3、meter 7 to 11, 21Test Method BBalance 12 to 16, 21Test Method CErlenmeyer Flask 17 to 21Test Method DHydrometer 22 to 271.2 Test Methods A and B are applicable to clear waters orthose containing only a moderate amount of particulate matter.Test Method B is preferred for samples of sea water or brine
4、sand is more sensitive than Test Method D which has the samegeneral application. Test Method C is intended for samples ofwater containing mud or sludge.1.3 It is the users responsibility to ensure the validity ofthese test methods for waters of untested matrices.1.4 The test method was tested at 22C
5、 over a range, showninTables 1-4, of 1.0252 through 1.2299; all data were correctedto 15.6C (60F).1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health
6、 practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 1066 Practice for Sampling Steam2D 1129 Terminology Relating to Water2D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water2D 2777 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias ofApplic
7、able Methods of Committee D19 on Water2D 3370 Practices for Sampling Water from Closed Con-duits2D 5847 Practice for Writing Quality Control Specificationsfor Standard Test Methods for Water Analysis3E1 Specification for ASTM Thermometers43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 brinewater that contains
8、dissolved matter at anapproximate concentration of more than 30 000 mg/L.3.1.2 For definitions of terms used in these test methods,refer to Terminology D 1129.4. Significance and Use4.1 Specific gravity is an important property of fluids beingrelated to density and viscosity. Knowing the specific gr
9、avitywill allow determination of a fluids characteristics comparedto a standard, usually water, at a specified temperature. Thiswill allow the user to determine if the test fluid will be heavieror lighter than the standard fluid.5. Reagents5.1 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, referenceto w
10、ater shall be understood to mean reagent water conformingto Specification D 1193, Type I. Other reagent water types maybe used provided it is first ascertained that the water is ofsufficiently high purity to permit its use without adverselyaffecting the precision and bias of the test method. Type II
11、Iwater was specified at the time of round robin testing of thistest method.6. Sampling6.1 Collect the samples in accordance with PracticesD 3370 and Practice D 1066.6.2 In view of the lack of a standard test method forsampling mud or sludge, no instructions are given for samplingthis type of materia
12、l.TEST METHOD APYCNOMETER7. Summary of Test Method7.1 The sample is introduced into a pycnometer, stabilizedat the desired temperature, and weighed. The specific gravity iscalculated from this weight and the previously determinedweight of reagent water that is required to fill the pycnometerat the s
13、ame temperature.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 onWater, and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.05 on InorganicConstituents in Water.Current edition approved Aug. 10, 2003. Published September 2003. Originallyapproved in 1956. Last previous edition
14、 approved in 1999 as D 1429 95 (1999).2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.02.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, Wes
15、t Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.8. Apparatus8.1 BathConstant-temperature bath designed to maintaina temperature of 15.6 6 1C (60 6 1.8F). If any othertemperature must be used due to local conditions, appropriatecorrections shall be made.8.2 PycnometerCylindrical or conical glass vessel
16、care-fully ground to receive an accurately fitting 24/12 standardtaper glass stopper provided with a hole approximately 1.0 to2.0 mm in diameter, centrally located in reference to thevertical axis.The top surface of the stopper shall be smooth andsubstantially plane, and the lower surface shall be c
17、oncave inorder to allow all air to escape through the bore. The height ofthe concave section shall be approximately 5 mm at the center.The stoppered pycnometer shall have a capacity of about 24 to30 mL, and shall weigh not more than 40 g. Suitable pycnom-eters are shown in Fig. 1.8.3 ThermometerAnAS
18、TM Gravity Thermometer havinga range from 20 to + 102C or 5 to + 215F, as specified,and conforming to the requirements for Thermometer 12C or12F, respectively, as prescribed in Specification E1.9. Procedure9.1 Weigh a clean, dry, calibrated pycnometer, completewith stopper, on an analytical balance,
19、 and record this weightto the nearest 0.1 mg, as P.9.2 Remove the stopper and fill the pycnometer with re-cently boiled reagent water that has been cooled to roomtemperature, to within several millimetres of the top. Removethe air bubbles. Immerse the unstoppered pycnometer up to theneck in a consta
20、nt-temperature bath maintained at 15.6 6 1C(60 6 1.8F). Allow the pycnometer to remain in the bath fora period of time sufficient to establish temperature equilibrium.Twenty minutes is usually sufficient.9.3 After temperature equilibrium has been established, andbefore removing from the bath, firmly
21、 insert the stopper andremove the excess water from the top of the stopper, takingcare to leave the capillary filled. Remove the stopperedpycnometer from the bath and wipe it dry. Immediately weighthe pycnometer, and record this weight to the nearest 0.1 mg,as W.9.4 Empty the reagent water from the
22、pycnometer and dry,or rinse with the sample to be tested.9.5 Using the sample to be tested, repeat the procedure inaccordance with 9.2 and 9.3, recording the weight of thepycnometer containing the sample under test as S.10. Calculation10.1 Calculate the specific gravity of the sample as follows:Spec
23、ific gravity 5 S2P!/W2P!where:P = weight of the empty pycnometer,FIG. 1 Suitable PycnometersTABLE 1 Determination of Bias, Pycnometer MethodCalculated SpecificGravitySpecific GravityExperimentallyDetermined6 %BiasStatisticallySignificant(95 % ConfidenceLevel)1.0247 1.0262 0.049 yes1.0648 1.0665 + 0.
24、16 yes1.1100 1.1119 + 0.17 yes1.2299 1.2235 0.52 yesTABLE 2 Determination of Bias, Balance MethodCalculated SpecificGravitySpecific GravityExperimentallyDetermined6 %BiasStatisticallySignificant(95 % ConfidenceLevel)1.0247 1.0264 0.166 yes1.0648 1.0657 + 0.084 yes1.1100 1.1126 + 0.234 yes1.2299 1.22
25、33 0.539 yesTABLE 3 Determination of Bias, Erlenmeyer Flask MethodCalculated SpecificGravitySpecific GravityExperimentallyDetermined6 %BiasStatisticallySignificant(95 % ConfidenceLevel)1.0247 1.026 + 0.126 yes1.0648 1.066 + 0.169 yes1.1100 1.1121 + 0.74 no1.2299 1.2225 0.60 yesTABLE 4 Determination
26、of Bias, Hydrometer MethodCalculated SpecificGravitySpecific GravityExperimentallyDetermined6 %BiasStatisticallySignificant(95 % ConfidenceLevel)1.0247 1.0256 + 0.088 no1.0648 1.0647 0.099 no1.1100 1.1106 + 0.054 no1.2299 1.2207 0.74 yesD 1429 032S = weight of the pycnometer and contained sample, an
27、dW = weight of the pycnometer and contained reagentwater.11. Precision and Bias11.1 The overall precision (St) and single operator precision(So) of this test method within their designated ranges varywith quantity being tested in accordance with Fig. 2.11.2 The bias for this test method, shown in Ta
28、ble 1, wasproduced in prepared standards by six laboratories in triplicatefor four concentrations. The concentration range covered was1.0247 to 1.2299.11.3 Precision and bias for this test method conforms toPractice D 2777-77, which was in place at the time ofcollaborative testing. Under the allowan
29、ces made in 1.4 of D2777-98, these precision and bias data do meet existingrequirements for interlaboratory studies of Committee D19 testmethods.TEST METHOD BBALANCE12. Summary of Test Method12.1 The specific gravity balance is essentially an analyticalbalance which uses a plummet to determine the w
30、eight of aliquid by displacement. The plummet is calibrated in a standardliquid, usually reagent water, before the determination is made.Any oil present in the sample will interfere with this determi-nation; therefore, only freshly filtered samples should be used.13. Apparatus13.1 Specific Gravity B
31、alanceAWestphal-type balance orany of several accurate specific gravity balances may be used.14. Procedure14.1 Locate the specific gravity balance in a draft-freeenclosure. Clean the plummet by immersion in distilled waterfollowed by acetone. Dry with air or a lint-free tissue. Calibratethe plummet
32、by determining its difference in weight in air andin reagent water at 15.6 6 1C (60 6 1.8F); record thisdisplacement as d1.14.2 Immerse the plummet in the sample, which has astabilized temperature of 15.6 6 1C (60 6 1.8F). Makecertain that the plummet does not touch the bottom or the sidesof the con
33、tainer. The liquid displacement, d2, is the differencebetween the weight necessary to counterpoise the dry plummetin air and that necessary when the plummet is immersed in theliquid samples.15. Calculation15.1 Calculate the specific gravity of the sample as follows:Specific gravity 5d2d1where:d1= di
34、fference in weight in air and in reagent water, andd2= difference in weight in air and in the sample.16. Precision and Bias16.1 The overall precision (St) and single operator precision(So) of this test method within their designated ranges varywith quantity being tested in accordance with Fig. 3.16.
35、2 The bias data for this test method, shown in Table 2,was produced on prepared standards by five laboratories intriplicate for four concentrations. The concentration rangecovered was 1.0247 to 1.2299.FIG. 2 Interlaboratory Precision for Specific Gravity of Brines by Pycnometer MethodD 1429 03316.3
36、Precision and bias for this test method conforms toPractice D 2777-77, which was in place at the time ofcollaborative testing. Under the allowances made in 1.4 of D2777-98, these precision and bias data do meet existingrequirements for interlaboratory studies of Committee D19 testmethods.TEST METHOD
37、 CERLENMEYER FLASK17. Summary of Test Method17.1 The sample of mud or sludge is thoroughly stirred andpoured into a wide-mouth Erlenmeyer flask until it is some-what more than level full, the excess being struck off with aspatula blade. The specific gravity is calculated from thisweight and the prev
38、iously determined weight of water requiredto fill the flask completely.17.2 If the sample is of a plastic solid consistency, the flaskis partly filled with the sample and weighed. Water is thenadded to fill the flask completely, and the total weight is taken.The specific gravity is calculated from t
39、he weight of thevolume of water displaced by the sample.18. Procedure18.1 Clean, dry, and weigh the Erlenmeyer flask to thenearest 0.1 g, and record this weight as F.18.2 Fill the flask with reagent water or tap water. Both flaskand water shall be at temperature equilibrium. Weigh the filledflask an
40、d record this weight as W. Empty and dry the flask.18.3 If the sample flows readily, fill the flask completelywith the sample, leveling the upper surface with a flat-bladedspatula held at an angle of 45 with the rim of the flask. Weigh,and record this weight as S.18.4 Mix the sample thoroughly by st
41、irring, but do notshake. If the sample does not flow readily, add sufficientsample to approximately half fill the flask, without exertingpressure, and weigh. Record the weight of the flask and sampleas R. Fill the flask containing the sample completely withreagent water or tap water, whichever was u
42、sed in accordancewith 18.2, taking care to remove all entrained air bubbles, andweigh again. Record this weight at T.19. Calculation19.1 In the case of free-flowing samples, calculate thespecific gravity of the sample as follows:Specific gravity 5S 2 F!W 2 F!where:F = weight of the empty flask,S = w
43、eight of the flask completely filled with sample, andW = weight of the flask and contained water.19.2 In the case of samples that do not flow readily,calculate the specific gravity of the sample as follows:Specific gravity 5R 2 F!W 2 F! 2 T 2 R!where:F = weight of the empty flask,R = weight of the f
44、lask partly filled with sample,FIG. 3 Interlaboratory Precision for Specific Gravity of Brines by Balance MethodD 1429 034T = weight of the flask partly filled with sample, pluswater added to fill remaining volume, andW = weight of the flask and contained water.20. Precision and Bias20.1 The overall
45、 precision (St) and single operator precision(So) of this test method within their designated ranges varywith quantity being tested in accordance with Fig. 4.20.2 The bias data for this test method, shown in Table 3,was produced on prepared standards by six laboratories intriplicate for four concent
46、rations. The concentration rangecovered was 1.0247 to 1.2299.20.3 Precision and bias for this test method conforms toPractice D 2777-77, which was in place at the time ofcollaborative testing. Under the allowances made in 1.4 of D2777-98, these precision and bias data do meet existingrequirements fo
47、r interlaboratory studies of Committee D19 testmethods.21. Quality Control21.1 In order to be certain that analytical values obtainedusing these test methods are valid and accurate within theconfidence limits of the test, the following QC procedures mustbe followed when analyzing specific gravity.21
48、.2 Calibration and Calibration Verification21.2.1 Verify the balance calibration by weighing a weightat several weight limits.21.3 Initial Demonstration of Laboratory Capability21.3.1 If a laboratory has not performed the test before, or ifthere has been a major change in the measurement system, for
49、example, new analyst, and so forth, a precision and bias studymust be performed to demonstrate laboratory capability.21.3.2 Analyze seven replicates of a solution with a knownspecific gravity. Each replicate must be taken through thecomplete analytical test method. The replicates may be inter-spersed with samples.21.3.3 Calculate the mean and standard deviation of theseven values and compare to the acceptable ranges of bias insections 11.1, 16.1, and 20.1. This study should be repeateduntil the recoveries are within the limits given in
