1、Designation: D 1517 06Standard Terminology Relating toLeather1, 2This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1517; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicat
2、es the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThese definitions are divided into two groups: the first group covers general terms, and the secondgroup covers definitions applicable to sampling.The definitions
3、of general terms include some of those encountered by personnel concerned withspecifications and procurement of hides, leather and leather products by the Federal Government.The definitions applicable to sampling are mainly to be used in connection with the sampling for,and testing of, physical and
4、chemical properties.Terms adequately defined by unabridged dictionaries are not generally included.GENERAL TERMSalligatora general term used for leather made from the skinsof all aquatic species with a grain similar to the americanalligator which cannot be killed legally and, therefore, is notused b
5、y the United States industry.alligator-grained leatherleather of various types, such ascalf, sheep or cattlehide embossed to resemble the grain ofalligator hide.alum leatherleather produced by alum tannage, usually incombination with other substances. Before the invention ofchrome-tanning this was t
6、he principal method of tanningwith mineral agents.aniline dyed leatherleather which has been colored bytransparent dyes as distinguished from leather treated bypigments or other opaque material.aniline finisha clear finish with little or no pigmentation.antelope finish suedeapplied to lambskin, goat
7、skin, orcalfskin, sueded and finished to resemble antelope.antelope leathera fine, soft leather made from an antelopeskin, velvety in texture and sheen, sueded on the flesh side.This leather is so rare, that for practical purposes, it isvirtually nonexistent.apron leathersany one of several varietie
8、s of leather used inconnection with textile machinery and blacksmith aprons.Comber and Gill Box apron leather is soft, mellow, toughleather, tanned from steerhides, heavily stuffed and boardedor otherwise softened. Rub Roll apron leather is a flexiblebut firm, dry, strong leather.aspergillus nigeron
9、e of the most common mold growthsfound on vegetable tanning vats and on leather, usuallygreenish or blackish in color.automobile leathersee upholstery leather.backa crop with the head trimmed off behind the horn holes.(OZUP in Fig. 1.)bag leathera general term for leathers used in traveling bagsand
10、suitcases. It does not include the light leathers employedfor womens fancy handbags. The staple material for bagand case leather at present is leather made from the hides ofanimals of the bovine species, but heavy sealskins andgoatskins are also used.bark tannageleather tanned by use of vegetable ta
11、nninsfound in barks, wood, and other plant derivatives, asdistinguished from mineral tannages.barkometera hydrometer used for determining the specificgravity of tanning solutions. A specific gravity of 1.000 isequivalent of 0 deg barkometer (Bk), and each additionaldegree Bk is equivalent to an incr
12、ease of 0.001 in specificgravity.baseball leatherleather used for covers of baseballs. Thebetter grades of balls have covers of alum-tanned horsehidefront leather. Some cheaper grades are made of kip andsheepskins.basiluncolored vegetable-tanned sheepskin and lambskin.bateto treat unhaired hides or
13、skins with a warm aqueoussolution of an enzyme in order to remove certain undesirablenitrogenous constituents.beama convex wooden slab sloping downward from aboutwaist height over which a hide is placed for trimming offexcess flesh and ragged edges and scudding by hand.belting butta double back with
14、 the tail cut off at the buttline. (RUT8SinFig. 1.)belting butt benda double bend with the tail cut off at the1This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D31 on Leatherand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D31.91 on Terminology.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2006. Publi
15、shed November 2006. Originallyapproved in 1957. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D 1517 99(04)e1.2These definitions have been developed in cooperation with the AmericanLeather Chemists Assn. (Definitions of Terms X1-1961).1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, We
16、st Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.butt line. (RR8S8SinFig. 1.)bellythat part of the hide below the belly line. (VWP8PinFig. 1.) For steerhide leather, the belly line (RU) passesthrough a point at or above the top of the rear break. Forcowhide leather, the belly line passes through a poin
17、t at orabove the top of the front break and a point not more than212 in. (64 mm) below the top of the rear break.benda back with the shoulder cut off at right angles to thebackbone line at the break of the fore flank. (OYR8PinFig.1.)biffto beat a salted hide that has been placed on a rack, inorder t
18、o shake loose salt from the hair.bisonleather made from hides of the American Bison,commonly referred to as the North American Buffalo, andnot from the domesticated Asian or Eastern Water Buffalo.bisulfitingthe treatment of hot solutions of vegetable tanningextracts with sodium bisulfite in order to
19、 increase theirsolubility and rate of take-up by hides.bleaching(1) the process of removing oxidized tannins andinsoluble materials from the surface layers of leather, inorder to prevent crackiness of the grain. It is performed bydipping the leather in a weak alkaline solution to render thetannin re
20、adily soluble, dipping in water, neutralizing in weakacid solution and washing.(2) the process of lightening the color of chrome leatherby treating with synthetic tannins or precipitating white pig-ment in the surface of the leather.bleedingthe transfer of materials exuded from leather toother mater
21、ials that come in contact with it.blockingthe adhesion between touching layers of leathersuch as occurs under moderate pressures during storage oruse.blooma light-colored deposit of ellagic acid appearing onthe grain surface of leather tanned with certain pyrogallotannins, such as myrabolans, valoni
22、a, and dividivi. Theappearance may be objectionable for some purposes, butbloom does not significantly affect the other physical prop-erties of the leather.blueusually in the phrase “in the blue,” applied to hides orskins that have been chrome-tanned but not dyed norfat-liquored.blushingdulling or m
23、ottling of the finish of the leatherresulting from condensed moisture during the drying of thefinish. Also referred to as lacquer bloom.boarded leatherleather on which a false or accentuatedgrain has been produced by folding the grain side andworking the leather back and forth. Hand boarding is done
24、with a curved cork board attached to the workers arm androlled over the folded skin.boardyadjective applied to stiff, inflexible leather.box calf or sidessides or skins finished by folding with thegrain side in and rubbing the flesh side with a cork-surfacedinstrument known as a hand board. Machiner
25、y is now alsoused. The effect is sometimes imitated by embossing. Alsocalled “box” or “willow” finish.break(1) heavy leatherthe places, in the areas where thefore shank and hind shank join the body of the hide, wherethe texture of the leather changes quite sharply from the firm,close weave of the be
26、nd to a loose, open texture.(2) shoe upper leatherthe superficial wrinkling formedwhen the leather is bent, grain inward. Adjectives commonlyused to describe this characteristic are “tight,” “fine,” “loose,”“coarse,” and “pipy,” or “flanky.”bridle leathera harness-finished strap leather.brininga pro
27、cess of curing hides by soaking with saltsolution (sodium chloride).bronzingexcessive concentration of crystallized dyestuff onthe surface of the leather tending to give a metallic sheen.brush coloringthe application of dye-stuff to leather with abrush or swab, the leather being laid on a table. Als
28、o calledtable dyeing.buck sidescattlehide shoe upper leather finished to resemblebuckskin.buckskinleather from deer and elk skins, used for shoes,gloves, and clothing. Only the outer cut of the skin fromwhich the surface grain has been removed may be correctlydefined as “genuine buckskin.” Leather f
29、inished from thesplit or under-cut of deerskin must be described as “splitbuckskin.”buffalo leatherleather made from the hides of domesticatedwater buffalo of the Far East, not the American bison.buffingthe mechanical operation of removing a superficialportion of the grain of flesh surface with sand
30、 paper or knifein order to produce a velvet surface or to minimize naturalsurface defects on the grain or flesh.buffing dustthe fine particulate leather fiber that is sandedoff during buffing.buffing paperrolls or continuous paper coated with speciallygraded and treated abrasive particulates that is
31、 used to buffleather on a belt sanding machine.bullhideshides from bulls are characterized by thick andrough head, neck and shoulders, and coarse flanks. They areoften poor in quality and heavy, ranging from 60 lb (27 kg)up.burnishingsimilar to buffing but using polishing paper/cloths with no or ver
32、y fine abrasives that produces a verysmooth polished appearance on the leather surface.butcher cutsdamage to hides caused by improper removalfrom the animal, usually in the form of cuts or furrows on theflesh side.buttthat part of the hide or skin covering the rump or hindpart of the animal.cabretta
33、skin of hair sheep, originally Brazilian, used prin-cipally for glove and garment leathers. (See also cape.)FIG. 1 Hide, Showing Various CutsD1517062calf leatherleather made from the skins of young cattle froma few days up to a few months old, the skins weighing up to25 lb (11.3 kg). It is finer gra
34、ined, lighter in mass and moresupple than cowhide, or kip leathers.cape, skin or leatherskin of South African hair sheep.Fine-grained leather, superior to wool sheep for gloves andgarments. Loosely applied to all hair sheep, but should bequalified to show origin, if other than South African.carding
35、leathera type of tannage of side leather used on thecards of textile machinery.carpincho leatherleather from the skin of the carpincho, alarge South American rodent. The skin is used in makingglove leather, usually chrome-tanned and washable. In theglove-leather trade, it is classified as a pigskin.
36、 It resemblespigskin in appearance, a characteristic being the occurrenceof bristle holes in straight-line groups, usually five holes ina group.case leathersee bag leather.chamois leathera soft, pliable absorbent leather which isrecognized in this country and abroad as being made fromthe inner side
37、of a sheepskin, known technically as flesher,from which the outer or grain side has been split prior totanning.chestnut extracta vegetable tanning agent extracted fromthe wood of the chestnut tree and used in tanning/re-tanningheavy leathers.chrome retannagethe process of applying trivalent chro-miu
38、m salts as a secondary adjunct to the main tannage toimpart or enhance certain leather properties; usually appliedafter splitting and shaving.chrome tannageconversion of raw hides/skin into leatherwith chromium compounds, thereby substantially increasingstrength properties and resistance to various
39、biological andphysical agents.coarse rough fiberfibers of flesh surfaces of leather or splitswhich are frayed, separated, and present a shaggy appear-ance.cocklehard, firm nodules appearing on the necks and belliesof sheepskins.collagenthe principal fibrous protein in the corium or dermalayer of a h
40、ide or skin.collar leathera subdivision of harness leather, made fromvery light cattlehides in full thickness, or of cattlehide splits,and used for covering horse collars.Colorado steera side-branded steerhide, not necessarilyfrom Cber leathera steerhide leather, heavily stuffed andusually boarded,
41、used in textile combing bination tannedformerly, tanned with a blend of veg-etable extracts. Today, tanned with two or more types oftanning materials, such as chromium compounds and veg-etable extracts, or chromium compounds and synthetictannins.cordovanleather made from the tight, firm portion of h
42、orsebutts. It has very fine pores and characteristic waxy finish,and is very durable.corduroy flesha rough condition of the flesh side of leathercaused by failure to remove the twitching muscles.corrected grainportions of the grain surface lightly abradedwith emery wheel or sandpaper, so as to lesse
43、n the effect ofgrain damage.country hideshides taken off by butchers and farmers; theirquality is usually lower than that of packer hides becausethey are removed by less skilled hands and are not cured aswell as packer hides.cowhideterm specifically applied to leather made from hidesof cows, althoug
44、h it is sometimes loosely used to designateany leather tanned from hides of animals of the bovinespecies.crockingthe transfer of finish or color when leather isrubbed with a wet or dry cloth.cropa side with the belly trimmed off. (OO8P8PinFig. 1.)crouponuntanned, whole cattlehide with the belly ands
45、houlder cut off. Comparable to a butt bend in tanned leather.crushed leatherleather made from chrome-vegetable ret-anned kidskins with the grain accentuated by boarding orother process.crustused as an adjective or in the phrase “in the crust,”refers to leather than has been tanned but not finished (
46、seealso rough).curingtreating raw hides or skins so as to minimize putre-faction and bacterial action, but to enable the skins to be wetback conveniently in preparation for tanning (see brining,dry pickling, dry salting, green salting, and pickle).curling temperaturethe temperature at which noticeab
47、lecurling occurs on gradually heating a leather specimen inwater.curryinga process of treating tanned hides with oils andgreases to prepare them for belting, sole, harness leathers,etc.cut stocka term generally applied to bottom stock for shoes,such as soles, taps, lifts, blocks, and strips cut from
48、 soleleather. Also applies to cut-to-pattern leather.deep buffthe first cut or split underneath the top grain ormachine buff on which no traces of the grain remain.deerskina deerskin tanned and finished with the grainsurface intact.degrained leatherleather from which the grain has beenremoved after
49、tanning, by splitting, abrading, or otherprocess.degras, moellonthe partially oxidized oil pressed out ofsheepskin after tannage with cod or other marine oil. (Seealso moellon.)doeskincommercial term for white leather from sheep orlambskin, tanned with alum or formaldehyde or both.double shoulderthe fore part of the hide cut off at rightangles to the backbone line at the break of the fore flank,with the belly cut off and the head cut off behind the hornholes. (R8UT8S8 in Fig
