1、Designation: D1666 11D1666 17Standard Test Methods forConducting Machining Tests of Wood and Wood-Base PanelMaterials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1666; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONOne of the significant characteristics of wood and wood-base panels is the facility with which theycan be machin
3、ed and fabricated. Different species and products, however, vary greatly in theirbehavior under cutting tools, so that some systematic method is needed for determining theirsuitability for uses where the character of the machined surface is of prime importance. Such usesinclude cabinetwork, millwork
4、, and other applications where favorable machining properties areessential to good finish. For such products as common boards, on the other hand, good machiningproperties are secondary, although still an asset.The machining test procedures presented in these test methods cover such common operations
5、 asplaning, routing/shaping, turning, boring, mortising, and sanding. They are the result of many yearsof extensive research and development and include practical methods for qualitatively evaluating andinterpreting the results. Because of their satisfactory use with a wide range of materials, it is
6、 believedthat the methods are equally applicable to species, hardwoods and softwoods, and to wood-base panelmaterials, such as plywood, particleboard, fiberboard, and hardboard.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover procedures for planing, routing/shaping, turning, mortising, boring, and sanding, all
7、of which arecommon wood-working operations used in the manufacture of wood products. These tests apply, in different degrees, to twogeneral classes of materials:1.1.1 Wood in the form of lumber, and1.1.2 Wood-base panel materials such as plywood and wood-base fiber and particle panels.1.2 Because of
8、 the importance of planing, some of the variables that affect the results of this operation are explored with a viewto determining optimum conditions. In most of the other tests, however, it is necessary to limit the work to one set of fairly typicalcommercial conditions in which all the different w
9、oods are treated alike.1.3 Several factors enter into any complete appraisal of the machining properties of a given wood or wood-base panel. Qualityof finished surface is recommended as the basis for evaluation of machining properties. Rate of dulling of cutting tools and powerconsumed in cutting ar
10、e also important considerations but are beyond the scope of these test methods.1.4 Although the methods presented include the results of progressive developments in the evaluation of machining properties,further improvements may be anticipated. For example, by present procedures, quality of the fini
11、shed surface is evaluated by visualinspection, but as new mechanical or physical techniques become available that will afford improved precision of evaluation, theyshould be employed.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The metric equivalents of inch-pound un
12、its maybe approximate.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to
13、 use.1 These test methods are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D07 on Wood and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.01 on Fundamental Test Methodsand Properties.Current edition approved May 1, 2011March 1, 2017. Published June 2011June 2017. Originally approved in 1959. Last prev
14、ious edition approved in 20042011 asD1666 87D1666 11. (2004). DOI: 10.1520/D1666-11.10.1520/D1666-17.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technical
15、ly possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C
16、700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States11.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby
17、the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D9 Terminology Relating to Wood and Wood-Based ProductsD1038 Terminology Relating to Veneer and PlywoodD1554 Terminology Relating to Wood-Base Fiber and Particle Panel MaterialsD4442 Te
18、st Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measurement of Wood and Wood-Based MaterialsD4933 Guide for Moisture Conditioning of Wood and Wood-Based MaterialsD7438 Practice for Field Calibration and Application of Hand-Held Moisture Meters3. Definitions and Descriptions of Terms3.1 A number of special te
19、rms relating to wood and to machining are used in describing the procedures for the variousmachining studies. Definitions and descriptions of a number of the important terms used are presented in Appendix X1.3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in this standard, refer to Terminology D9, D
20、1038, and D1554.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 chip marksshallow dents in the surface caused by shavings that have clung to the knives instead of passing off in theexhaust as intended.3.2.2 planer knife clearance angleplaner cutterhead knife angle (c) depicted for both knif
21、e alternatives in Fig. 1.3.2.3 planer knife cutting angleplaner cutterhead knife angle (a) depicted for both knife alternatives in Fig. 1.3.2.4 planer knife cutting bevelplaner cutterhead knife bevel angle (b) depicted for Knife Alternative 2 in Fig. 1.3.2.5 planer knife cutting circlethe circumfere
22、nce (d) defined by the outer limits of the planer knives of a cutterhead anddepicted in Fig. 1.(a) Cutting angle. (c) Clearance bevel.(b) Cutting bevel. (d) Cutting Circle.(b) Cutting bevel. (d) Cutting circle.FIG. 51 Terms Used in Connection with Planer KnivesD1666 1723.2.6 computer numeric control
23、ler (CNC) machinea computer automated machine center often used to machine wood andwood-based panel materials that are typically integrated with drafting software and may have the capabilities to perform machiningactivities that include cutting, routing, drilling, shaping, and turning.3.2.7 feed rat
24、ethe resultant rate of movement measured in feet (metres) per minute at which material moves through amachining tool that includes the combination of machining tool and material motion.3.2.8 fuzzy grainsmall particles or groups of fibers that did not sever clearly in machining but stand up above the
25、 general levelof the surface.3.2.9 jointingan equalization of the projection of all the knives in the cutterhead performed by bringing a sharpening stoneinto contact with the knife edges while the cutterhead revolves.3.2.10 land (or heel)the part of the cutting edges of the knives that conforms to t
26、he cutting circle, has no clearance, and thatcomes into contact with the sharpening stone in the jointing operation.3.2.11 speed, cutterheadthe rate measured in revolutions per minute at which a cutterhead is turning.3.2.12 speed, rimthe rate measured in feet (metres) per minute at which the periphe
27、ry of a cutting tool (usually a saw) isturning.4. Significance and Use4.1 Machining tests are made to determine the working qualities and characteristics of different species of wood and of differentwood-basewood-based panel materials under a variety of machine operations such as are encountered in
28、commercialmanufacturing practice. The tests provide a systematic basis for comparing the behavior of different products with respect towoodworking machine operations and of evaluating their potential suitability for certain uses where these properties are of primeimportance.5. Apparatus5.1 MachinesT
29、o yield data that can be duplicated for comparative purposes, all machines used in these tests shall be moderncommercial size machines of good make, in good mechanical condition, and operated by fully qualified persons. Numerousmachines meet these requirements, and no attempt is made to do more than
30、 describe the preferred type of machine for each testin very general terms (Note 1). Complete information on the machine used, the cutting tool, and the operating conditions of eachtest shall be made part of the record.NOTE 1Where machines with all of these qualifications are not available, machines
31、 that are inferior in some respects have limited uses, such as forcomparing the machining properties of species for local use under local conditions.5.2 Feed RatesWhile either automated or manual feed machines may be used, preference shall be given to machines withautomated feed systems. To the exte
32、nt possible, the feed rates used for the tests shall be chosen to correspond with the desiredcutting conditions that will be employed for production. The feed rates and cutting conditions shall be kept constant throughouteach test type and reported.5.3 Knives and CuttersInsert tooling or one-piece c
33、utters may be used for testing. Carbide-tipped knives and cutters shall bethe preferred type because of the much longer sharpness life of that material. High-speed steel shall be second choice and carbonsteel third. The cutting tool, material, manufacturer, and any relevant grade information shall b
34、e made part of the record. Everyprecaution shall be taken to keep the sharpness uniformly good in all tests by resharpening or replacing the knives and cutters whennecessary.NOTE 2A practical measure of the deterioration of a machined lumber surface because of dulling of the cutting tool can be obta
35、ined by the use oftwo check samples. They should come from the same board of some species that machines exceptionally well, such as maple or any other closed-grainspecies. Both should be machined with a freshly sharpened cutting tool at the outset. One will be retained in that condition as a control
36、, and the other,at intervals of 1 h or so as experience dictates, shallshould be machined with the regular test specimens and compared with the control.When the machinedsurface deteriorates perceptibly, as indicated by this comparison, the cutting tool should be resharpened or replaced.Similarly wit
37、h wood-base panels, some well-known product that has good machining properties may be used as a control material for comparison.NOTE 3Whenever possible, preference should be given to carbide insert tooling (Fig. 12). Carbide insert tools are inexpensive and can be readilyreplaced in the tool holder.
38、 Replacing the tooling in place of resharpening will increase the repeatability of the method. Tooling manufactures have tablesFIG. 12 Illustration of a Router Head With Insert ToolingD1666 173of recommended carbide tooling for the various wood-based products. Preference should be given to the grade
39、 and type of tooling recommended.Experience has shown that there can be a difference in performance between carbide tools produced by different manufacturers.6. Shipment and Protection of Samples6.1 All test material shall be properly protected in shipment to ensure its delivery in satisfactory cond
40、ition for the required tests.On receipt, the material shall be carefully protected to prevent deterioration pending the preparation for the tests.7. General Requirements of Samples7.1 The tests shall primarily be made on seasoned material brought to an equilibrium moisture content in a conditioneden
41、vironment of 68 6 11F (20 6 6C) and 65 % (65 %) relative humidity. Methods for determination of completion ofconditioning are given in Guide D4933. Alternative conditioning may be specified provided that it is recorded.7.2 Lumber shall be clear (Note 4), sound, well-manufactured, and accurately iden
42、tified as to species. It may be either roughor dressed.NOTE 4Clear means free from all defects, including knots, stain, incipient decay, surface checks, end splits, compression wood, and tension wood.7.3 Wood-base panel samples may be typical commercial products or samples of new boards under develo
43、pment as the occasionrequires. In either case, the kind or kinds of wood, the density, and the amount and kind of binder should be known and made partof the record. Wood-base panels shall be typical of the product under consideration as they are manufactured and marketed. Forthe sanding tests, the w
44、ood-base panel samples should be procured in the unsurfaced condition, whenever possible, so that theseevaluations may be made on the same part of the material that will be removed from the board in the normal use conditions wheresanding is done.7.4 Test samples of lumber shall be so selected as to
45、exclude the small amount at each extreme that is not fairly typical of thespecies under consideration in number of rings per inch (average ring width per millimetre).extremely high or low ring counts perinch (average ring width per millimetre) that are not typical of the species under consideration.
46、NOTE 5Number of rings per inch is determined by visual count along a line perpendicular to the growth rings. Different samples of a given speciesoften differ widely in this respect, and often the samples at both extremes are not typical in their properties.8. Dimensions, Weight, and Moisture Content
47、 of Samples8.1 Samples must be large enough to yield the minimum acceptable size (0.75 by 5 in. by 4 ft) (19 by 127 mm 1.2mm by 1.2m) when at the prescribed moisture content and surfaced smoothly on two sides. Where it is desired to make more planer cuts thanare specified, lumber thicker than 1 in.
48、(25 mm) may be used.8.2 Lumber test samples shall be so selected as to exclude the small amount at each extreme of weight that is not typical of thespecies under consideration.NOTE 6Different samples of a species sometimes vary in density by as much as a 2-to-1 ratio. The properties exhibited by sam
49、ples at either extremeof density are not typical of the species as a whole.8.3 Wood-base panel test material shall be typical in dimensions and weight of the products under consideration as they aremanufactured and marketed.8.4 The moisture content of a representative sampling of test material shall be determined and recorded. The moisture contentof sawn lumber materials shall be determined using either the oven dry method of Test Methods D4442 or a hand-held meter inaccordance with Practice D7438. If a pin-type hand-held meter is used to determine the m
