1、Designation: D 1677 02 (Reapproved 2007)An American National StandardStandard Methods forSampling and Testing Untreated Mica Paper Used forElectrical Insulation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1677; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal
2、adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These methods cover procedures for sampling andtesting untreated mi
3、ca paper to be used as an electricalinsulator or as a constituent of a composite material used forelectrical insulating purposes.1.2 The procedures2appear in the following order:ASTMMethodProcedures Sections ReferencesApparent Density 12 .Aqueous Extract Conductivity 32 and 33 D 202Conditioning 4 D
4、685Dielectric Strength 16-19 D 149Impregnation Time 20-24 D 202Moisture Content 26-28 D 644Roll Quality 25 .Sampling 3 .Tensile Strength 13-15 D 828Thickness 6-10 D 374Weight 11 D 646Weight Variability 29-31 .1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard.1.4 This standa
5、rd does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of whoever uses this standard to consult andestablish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Docum
6、ents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D 149 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage andDielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materialsat Commercial Power FrequenciesD 202 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing UntreatedPaper Used for Electrical InsulationD 374 Test Methods for Thickness of Solid
7、Electrical Insu-lationD 644 Test Method for Moisture Content of Paper andPaperboard by Oven DryingD 646 Test Method for Grammage of Paper and Paperboard(Mass Per Unit Area)D 685 Practice for Conditioning Paper and Paper Productsfor TestingD 828 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Paper andPaperboa
8、rd Using Constant-Rate-of-Elongation ApparatusD 1711 Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulation3. Sampling3.1 Sample in accordance with the requirements set forth inTest Methods D 202.3.2 Make the tests for physical properties on each sampleinsofar as the specimens are of sufficient width.3.3 Unt
9、reated mica papers are, in general, quite fragile andfriable. At all times during the operations of sampling, condi-tioning, specimen preparation, and testing, great care must betaken to prevent flexing and tearing, and to minimize abrasionof particles from the surfaces. The test values may be signi
10、fi-cantly and adversely affected if these precautions are not taken.4. Conditioning4.1 Condition samples in accordance with Practice D 685,except that samples should remain in the conditioned air for notless than 16 h prior to the tests.4.2 The following physical tests shall be made in theconditione
11、d atmosphere: thickness, weight, tensile strength,dielectric strength, and impregnation.5. Precision and Bias5.1 Due to the range of types and grades, and nonuniformnature of commercially available mica papers, no statementcan be made about the precision of these methods when usedon these materials.
12、 Neither can a statement about bias be madebecause of the unavailability of standard reference materials.Nevertheless, these methods serve to distinguish basic, relative1These methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D09 onElectrical and Electronic Insulating Materials and are the direct
13、 responsibility ofSubcommittee D09.19 on Dielectric Sheet and Roll Products.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2007. Published October 2007. Originallyapproved in 1959. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 1677 02.2The test methods for other properties will be added in accordance with standardA
14、STM procedures as their need becomes generally desirable.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Cop
15、yright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.differences in properties, and variations in quality among micapapers used in electrical insulation.THICKNESS AND THICKNESS VARIATION6. Terminology Definition6.1 thickness, nof an electrica
16、l insulating material, theperpendicular distance between the two surfaces of interest,determined in accordance with a standard method.7. Significance and Use7.1 Accurate determination of thickness is important foridentification purposes. Thickness is related to weight and mustbe known in order to ca
17、lculate apparent density and thedielectric strength.7.2 Thickness variation affects the quality of roll windingand is useful in judging the uniformity of mica paper particu-larly with respect to dielectric breakdown voltage, impregna-tion time, and thickness of the end product.8. Test Specimens8.1 T
18、ake test specimens from the original samples obtainedin accordance with Section 3 and conditioned as prescribed inSection 4, and tested under the same conditions.8.2 For all thicknesses of mica paper, the specimen shall bea single sheet.9. Procedure9.1 Determine the thickness in accordance with Test
19、 Meth-ods D 374. The preferred method shall be Method D with adrop rate of 12 6 4 mil/s and a dwell time of 3 6 1 s forthickness of 0.002 to 0.006 in. and 6 6 2 s for + 0.006 in.Method C of Test Methods D 374 is an acceptable alternative.9.2 Take at least five measurements of thickness at regularint
20、ervals across the entire width of each specimen, preferablyin a line that is at right angles to the machine direction.10. Report10.1 Report in accordance with Test Methods D 202 andinclude:10.1.1 Average, minimum, and maximum thickness.WEIGHT11. Procedure11.1 Determine the weight in accordance with
21、Test MethodD 646, except sample the material in accordance with Section3, condition as prescribed in Section 4, and test under the sameconditions. Report the results as weight in grams per squaremetre.APPARENT DENSITY12. Procedure12.1 Determine the apparent density from the thickness(Sections 8-10),
22、 and the weight (Section 11). Make thethickness and weight determinations on the same sample.Calculate the apparent density as follows:D 5 A/B (1)where:A = basis weight, kg/m2,B = thickness, m, andD = apparent density, g/cm3.TENSILE STRENGTH13. Significance and Use13.1 The results of the test are su
23、itable for acceptance andproduct control. They are also a means of measuring the abilityof mica paper to withstand the tensile stresses encountered inapplication processes.14. Procedure14.1 Determine the tensile strength in accordance with TestMethods D 202, except for specimen width and test span.S
24、ample the material in accordance with Section 3 and condi-tion in accordance with Section 4 and test under the sameconditions. The specimen shall be 1 to 3 in. (25 to 77 mm)wide. The distance between the jaws shall be 5 in. (127 mm).NOTE 1If excessive fractures occur in or at the edge of either jaw,
25、 acushion of soft kraft paper or other material may be used between the jawsof the clamps and the specimen.15. Report15.1 Report the following information:15.1.1 The thickness of test specimen, and15.1.2 The average, minimum and maximum tensilestrength in pounds-force per inch of width (or newtons p
26、ermetre of width).DIELECTRIC STRENGTH16. Nomenclature16.1 dielectric strengthRefer to Terminology D 1711.17. Significance and Use17.1 For mica paper to be used in the untreated state, thistest gives some indication of the electrical strength. For micapaper to be subsequently treated, this test has v
27、alue as a qualitycontrol test.18. Procedure18.1 Determine the dielectric strength in accordance withTest Method D 149, except sample the material in accordancewith Section 3 and condition in accordance with Section 4, andtest under the same conditions. Make tests in air using 2-in.(50.8-mm) electrod
28、es and the short-time (continuous-rise)method. Determine the average dielectric strength on the basisof ten dielectric breakdowns.19. Report19.1 Report the following information:19.1.1 Average thickness of the specimen,19.1.2 Average, high, and low breakdown voltage, and19.1.3 Average dielectric str
29、ength in volts per mil (orkilovolts per millimetre).D 1677 02 (2007)2IMPREGNATION TIME20. Definition20.1 impregnation time, nof paper, the time in secondsrequired for a liquid of specified composition and viscosity topenetrate completely from one face of a sheet of paper to theother, under certain p
30、rescribed conditions.21. Significance and Use21.1 Impregnation time influences the speed and quality ofresin impregnation of the mica paper.22. Test Specimens22.1 Take test specimens from the original samples obtainedin accordance with Section 3 and conditioned as prescribed inSection 4, and test un
31、der the same conditions. Test specimensshall be 3 in. (76 mm) square.23. Procedure23.1 Determine the impregnation time in accordance withImpregnation Time of Test Methods D 202, except as follows:23.1.1 Use a test solution that is approximately 60 partscastor oil and 40 parts toluene, adjusted to a
32、specific gravity of0.917 6 0.001 at 77 F (25 C).NOTE 2Use cold pressed castor oil (USP Grade No. 1).23.1.2 Insert a glass plate between the mica paper and thepaper clamp.23.1.3 The end point is that time at which the paper iscompletely penetrated at a uniform rate of wet out. Particleswhich require
33、substantially longer to wet out will not influencethe determination. Make sure that the penetrated area is 95 to100 % of the surface. This will vary with the type of micapaper. First make trial tests observing the characteristics of theend point.24. Report24.1 Report the following information:24.1.1
34、 Thickness of the specimen, and24.1.2 Average of five readings.ROLL QUALITY25. Report25.1 Mica paper is chiefly supplied in continuous lengths inroll form. Because roll quality determines handling propertiesof the mica paper when it is unwound on combining orimpregnating equipment, the following con
35、ditions shall beobserved and reported if they are found to occur in the roll, andto what degree:25.1.1 Sticking of layers to each other,25.1.2 Loose mica platelets,25.1.3 Delamination, separation, or cracking of the micapaper (that is, examine the mica paper for delamination,separation, or cracking
36、when it is unwound and bent back onitself (reverse direction) over a 3-in. diameter mandrel andwhen it is cut across full width of the roll),25.1.4 Uneven winding tension, loosely wound ends, bag-ging,25.1.5 Telescoping or coning, indexing of edges,25.1.6 Position of the center of the mica paper wit
37、h respectto the center of the core on which the mica paper is wound (thatis, does the center of the mica paper coincide with the center ofthe core or is it offset),25.1.7 Shape of roll, for example, degrees of roundness,25.1.8 Crushed roll ends which cause tearing when thematerial is unrolled,25.1.9
38、 Nonlinear edges in which the edge follows a longsine wave, and25.1.10 Any other unusual conditions.MOISTURE CONTENT26. Significance and Use26.1 Excessive moisture content will cause raw mica paperto weaken significantly with lengthwise or crosswise tearing,or both, resulting when it is unwound. It
39、may also cause polarimpregnants, or impregnants that are dissolved in polar sol-vents, to impregnate to a higher degree, or at a faster rate, orboth, than is desired. It may also contribute to blistering of themica paper when these impregnants are dried with heat. It may,in addition, cause contiguou
40、s layers of raw mica paper in theroll to stick to each other, making unwinding difficult orimpossible. Excessive moisture will also weaken and soften thecardboard core upon which the mica paper is customarilyrolled. Low-moisture contents are generally not as deleteriousin effect, although they can c
41、onceivably cause excessivestiffness in thick mica papers.27. Procedure27.1 Determine the moisture content in accordance withTest Method D 644, except sample the material in accordancewith Section 3. The samples should not be preconditioned.28. Report28.1 Report the average, minimum, and maximum mois
42、turecontent for all samples tested.WEIGHT VARIABILITY29. Significance and Use29.1 The degree of variability of basis weight (mass per unitarea) from point to point on a sheet has an effect on thephysical and electrical properties of which the sheet is acomponent.29.2 In general the variability is gr
43、eater across the width ofthe sheet than along its length. For this reason, specimens forthe determination of weight variability must represent theentire width of the material being sampled.30. Procedure30.1 Sample in accordance with Section 3. The sample mustrepresent the entire width of the sheet b
44、eing evaluated.30.2 Carefully cut ten specimens (see 3.3). The specimensmay be either circular or rectangular, and they shall be asnearly identical in size as possible. The area of each specimenshall be between 10 and 20 in.2(0.0065 and 0.0130 mm2), andshall be known for each specimen within 60.5 %.
45、D 1677 02 (2007)330.3 Space the specimens uniformly across the width of thesample. If the sample is not of sufficient width to permitspacing across, two or more rows of specimens may be cut.30.4 Weigh each specimen to the nearest 0.1 mg.31. Report31.1 Report the following information:31.1.1 Identifi
46、cation of the sample,31.1.2 Area of each specimen, or, if the range of areasbetween the smallest and largest specimen differs by less than1%,31.1.3 Basis weight in grams per square metre for eachspecimen,31.1.4 Average basis weight, and31.1.5 Percentage variation of the smallest and largestindividua
47、l basis weight values from the average.AQUEOUS EXTRACT CONDUCTIVITY32. Significance and Use32.1 For mica papers that are intended for use in capacitors,the results of this test are indicative of electrical properties ofthe finished capacitor, particularly dissipation factor and insu-lation resistanc
48、e.33. Procedure and Report33.1 Prepare specimens from samples selected as specifiedin Section 3.33.2 Determine the conductivity of the aqueous extract asspecified in Methods D 202.33.3 Make calculations and report in accordance with TestMethods D 202.34. Keywords34.1 air resistance; apparent density
49、; aqueous extract con-ductivity; dielectric strength; impregnation time; mica paper;tensile strength; thickness; weight; weight variabilityASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be review
