1、Designation: D1695 07 (Reapproved 2012)Standard Terminology ofCellulose and Cellulose Derivatives1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1695; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、 A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology standard contains terms, definition ofterms, descriptions of terms, nomenclature, and explanations ofacronyms and s
3、ymbols specifically associated with standardsunder the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint andRelated Coatings, Materials, and Applications; SubcommitteeD01.36 on Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives.1.2 This terminology is divided into three classes as fol-lows:SectionCellulosic Materials an
4、d Constituents 3.1Chemical Modifications and Derivatives of Cellulose 3.2Properties of Cellulose and Associated Concepts that areapplicable to both Sections 3.1 and 3.2 3.32. Referenced Documents2.1 The numerous ASTM Standards to which this standardapplies are found in the Annual Book of ASTM Standa
5、rds,Vol06.03.2.2 TAPPI Standards:2TAPPI Method T 203 om-93 Alpha-, Beta- and Gamma-Cellulose in Pulp3. Terminology3.1 Cellulosic Materials and Constituentsacetylation pulpspulps used in the manufacture of celluloseacetate or other esters, and subject to various specificationsby the manufacturers, in
6、cluding those of purity, moisturecontent, sheet properties, and viscosity.alpha-cellulose(1) Historically, a term used to indicate thepure, relative undegraded cellulose found in pulps. (2)Alpha-cellulose content is often measured by TAPPI MethodT 203 om-93 where alpha-cellulose is that portion of t
7、hepulp which does not dissolve under the test conditions.alpha pulpssee chemical cellulose.arabana pentosan yielding essentially only arabinose onhydrolysis.arabinogalactana polysaccharide consisting of arabinoseand galactose units, like the water-soluble polysaccharide oflarch.arabinosea pentose th
8、at occurs as one of the sugar units insome hemicelluloses.arabinomethylglucuronoxylana hemicellulose containingarabinose, 4-O-methylglucuronic acid, and xylose groups inits structure.beta-cellulose(1) Historically, a term used to indicate impu-rities of moderate chain lengths found in pulps, predomi
9、-nately degraded cellulose. (2) Beta-cellulose content, asmeasured by TAPPI Method T 203 om-93, is the pulpfraction soluble in caustic, which precipitates upon acidifi-cation.carbohydrates not cellulosethe noncellulosic carbohy-drates of a cellulosic material.cellophane pulpspulps used in the manufa
10、cture of cello-phane, and subject to various specifications by the manufac-turers, including those of purity, moisture content, sheetproperties, and viscosity.cellulose(1) the main solid constituent of woody plants; itoccurs widely elsewhere in the vegetable kingdom, and to asmall extent in the anim
11、al kingdom. (2) chemically, celluloseis b-1-4 glucan of high degree of polymerization. It isdesirable to apply “cellulose” to this material only and todesignate the predominantly cellulosic residue obtained bysubjecting woody tissues to various pulping processes as“cellulosic residues,” “cellulosic
12、pulps,” or the like.cellulose Ithe crystalline modification of cellulose thatnormally occurs in nature.cellulose IIthe crystalline modification of cellulose that isfound in mercerized cellulose, in regenerated cellulose, andin cellulose produced by the hydrolysis of various cellulosederivatives.cell
13、ulose IIIa crystalline modification of cellulose producedby treatment, under certain conditions, with ammonia or1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paintand Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D01.36 on Cellulo
14、se and Cellulose Derivatives.Current edition approved June 1, 2012. Published August 2012. Originallyapproved in 1959. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D1695 - 07. DOI:10.1520/D1695-07R12.2Available from Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI),15 Technology Parkway Sout
15、h, Norcross, GA 30092, http:/www.tappi.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1sometimes by amines. The method of removing the reagentdetermines the modification produced.cellulose IVa crystalline modification of cellulose
16、 producedby heat treatment of cellulose II.cellulose Xa crystalline modification of cellulose producedby treatment of cellulose with strong hydrochloric acid orphosphoric acid.cellulose, purified cottonsee cotton cellulose, purified.cellulose, purified woodsee wood cellulose, purified.chemical cellu
17、losea chemically purified cellulosic materialthat is intended for chemical treatment to produce deriva-tives.chemical cottonchemical cellulose prepared from cotton;generally, but not necessarily, cotton linters.chemical pulpsin the paper industry, pulps produced bychemical processes, as contrasted t
18、o those produced bymechanical processes. (see also chemical wood pulp)chemical wood pulpa term used in the paper industry forpulps obtained by digestion of wood with solutions ofvarious chemicals.DISCUSSIONThis term, which refers to pulp produced and purifiedby chemical processes, should not be conf
19、used with chemical cellulosewhich refers to pulp that is to be used in chemical processes.cotton cellulose, purifiedchemical cellulose from cottonfiber or linters. (see also chemical cotton)cotton linterssee linters.dissolving pulpssee pulps, dissolving.extractivescompounds occurring in plant materi
20、als, but notforming part of the structural elements, that are removedwith neutral solvents such as ether, alcohol, and water.galactana polysaccharide composed essentially of galactoseunits. (see also arabinogalactan)galactoglucomannanone of the hemicelluloses of soft-woods, containing three types of
21、 sugar unitsgalactose,glucose, and mannose.galactomannana polysaccharide containing galactose andmannose units. Galactomannans usually have a long chain ofmannose units with galactose side chains and are found inseed gums (guar, locust bean).gamma-cellulose(1) Historically, a term used to indicateim
22、purities of short chain lengths found in pulps, predomi-nately hemicelluloses. (2) Gama-cellulose content, as mea-sured by TAPPI Method T 203 om-93, is the pulp fractionsoluble in caustic, which remains in solution upon acidifi-cation.glucana macromolecular substance that can be hydrolyzedto give al
23、most exclusively glucose.glucomannana hemicellulose consisting essentially of glu-cose and mannose.glucuronoxylana common designation for the xylose-containing hardwood hemicelluloses. (see also methylglu-curonoxylan)hemicelluloseany of a number of cell-wall polysaccharidesthat are removable by extr
24、action with aqueous alkali and thatmay be hydrolyzed by boiling with dilute acids to giveconstituent monosaccharide units; any of the noncellulosiccell-wall polysaccharides.hexosanfrequently used in contradistinction to pentosan, fora polysaccharide consisting mainly of hexose units.holocellulosethe
25、 total polysaccharide fraction of extractive-free wood. The method of isolation or of determinationshould always be given.kraft pulppulp cooked by the alkaline liquor consistingessentially of a mixture of caustic soda and sodium sulfide.The make-up chemical is traditionally sodium sulfate, whichis r
26、educed to the sulfide in the chemical recovery process;hence the alternative designation, sulfate pulp.ligninthat part of plant material which is not saccharified bythe action of 72 % sulfuric acid or 42 % hydrochloric acid,after the resins, waxes, and tannins have been removed.lintersthe short fibr
27、ous material adhering to cotton seed afterthe ginning operation.After removal from the seed it is usedto a limited extent as a fibrous raw material for specialpapers. The principal use, however, is for chemical cellulose,that is, as the raw material for the manufacture of cellulosederivatives.mannan
28、strictly, a polysaccharide composed entirely ofmannose units, but used conventionally to distinguish thehexosan wood hemicelluloses from the pentosans (xylan).(see also galactoglucomannan and glucomannan)mannogalactansee galactomannan.methylglucuronoxylanthe main hemicellulose of hardwoodpulps; a po
29、lysaccharide containing xylose and 4-O-methylglucuronic acid groups. In the wood it is partiallyacetylated.nitrating pulpspulps used for the manufacture of cellulosenitrate and subject to various specifications by the manufac-turers, including those of alpha-cellulose content and viscos-ity.oligosac
30、charidespolymeric carbohydrates containing rela-tively few (compared to the polysaccharides) sugar unitsconnected by glycosidal linkages. Two to nine units has beensuggested as a suitable range. For longer chains the polymerscannot be readily separated into individual molecular spe-cies.pectic subst
31、ratescomplex polysaccharides containing alarge proportion of galacturonic acid units.pectinscolorless, amorphous, water-soluble polysaccharidesoccurring in plant tissues that yield pectic acid and methanolon hydrolysis.D1695 07 (2012)2pentosansone of the groups of amorphous carbohydratesincluded und
32、er the general term “hemicellulose.” Pentosansyield principally pentoses on acid hydrolysis. The principalpentosan in wood is xylan.polyuronidespolysaccharides containing uronic acidgroups.pulps, dissolvingchemical cellulose from wood pulp.pulps for chemical conversionchemical cellulose fromwood pul
33、p.pulps for manufacture of cellulose derivativeschemicalcellulose from wood pulp.purified cotton cellulosesee cotton cellulose, purified.purified wood cellulosesee wood cellulose, purified.R10the portion of a cellulose pulp that is insoluble in 10 %sodium hydroxide using Test Method D16963or its equ
34、iva-lent.DISCUSSIONR10indicates the pure, relatively undegraded cellulosecontent of pulps, and as such may be compared to alpha-cellulose,although they are determined by different test procedures.rayon pulpspulps used in the manufacture of rayon, andsubject to various specifications by the manufactu
35、rers, in-cluding those of purity, moisture content, sheet properties,and viscosity.S10the portion of a cellulose pulp that is soluble in 10 %sodium hydroxide using Test Method D1696, or its equiva-lent.DISCUSSIONS10is considered to contain both hemicellulose anddegraded, short chain length cellulose
36、 (see R10).S18the portion of a cellulose pulp that is soluble in 18 %sodium hydroxide using Test Method D1696, or its equiva-lent.DISCUSSIONS18is considered to be mainly hemicelluloses, and maybe compared to gamma-cellulose, although they are determined bydifferent test procedures.S10S18an estimate
37、of the portion of degraded cellulose in apulp obtained by subtracting S18from S10.DISCUSSIONSome workers use S10to S18as an estimate of thehemicellulose content of pulps, and may be compared to gamma-cellulose, although they are determined by different test procedures.sulfate pulpsee kraft pulp.sulf
38、ite pulpwood pulp produced by cooking with a sulfiteliquor made by dissolving sulfur dioxide in an aqueous base.wood cellulose, purifiedchemical cellulose from wood.xylana pentosan giving almost exclusively xylose on hydro-lysis.3.2 Chemical Modifications and Derivatives of Cellulosecarboxymethylcel
39、lulose, CMCthe common name for acellulose ether of glycolic acid. It is usually marketed as awater-soluble sodium salt, more properly called sodiumcarboxymethylcellulose. In the early literature, it is some-times called cellulose glycolate or cellulose glycolic acid.cellulose acetatein the broad sen
40、se, any of several esters ofcellulose and acetic acid. (see also cellulose triacetate)cellulose acetate butyratea mixed ester of cellulose con-taining both acetate and butyrate groups.cellulose acetate phthalatea mixed ester of cellulose con-taining both acetate and phthalate groups.cellulose acetat
41、e propionatea mixed ester of cellulosecontaining both acetate and propionate groups.cellulose derivativea substance derived from cellulose bysubstitution of one or more of the hydroxyl groups withsome other radical. Most derivatives are ethers or esters.cellulose estersderivatives of cellulose in wh
42、ich one or moreof the hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced acyl groups.cellulose ethersderivatives of cellulose in which one ormore of the hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by alkylgroups.cellulose lacquera liquid coating composition containing asthe basic film-forming ingredient a cellulose es
43、ter or etherand plasticizers with or without resins or pigments.cellulose mixed estera cellulose ester containing more thanone type of acyl group.cellulose nitrateany of various nitrate esters of cellulose.DISCUSSIONCellulose nitrate is often and erroneously called “nitro-cellulose.”cellulose plasti
44、csplastics based on cellulose compounds,such as esters (cellulose acetate) and ethers (ethylcellulose).cellulose propionateany ester of cellulose with propionicacid.cellulose sodium glycolatesee carboxymethyl cellulose.cellulose triacetatethat form of cellulose acetate in whichthe degree of substitu
45、tion approaches 3 sufficiently that theproduct is not soluble in acetone.cellulose xanthatesthe salts of cellulose xanthic acid. Com-monly, cellulose xanthate refers to sodium cellulose xan-thate, the essential constituent of the viscose solution, fromwhich viscose rayon is spun.dopea composition, u
46、sually a cellulose lacquer, for applica-tion on textiles and leathers. Also a very viscous crudereaction product, as acetylation dope.ethylcelluloseany of several ethyl ethers of cellulose. Theone most generally used in industry has sufficient substitu-tion to be soluble in organic solvents.hydrocel
47、luloseswater-insoluble products of the hydrolysisof cellulose with acids. They are molecularly heterogeneousin the sense that they are composed of molecules varying indegree of polymerization. The average degree of polymer-ization (DP) and the DP distribution depend on the nature ofthe acid treatmen
48、t and of the original cellulose. The termmay also be applied to any insoluble polysaccharide soformed and separated as a more or less homogeneous3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.03.D1695 07 (2012)3fraction from the mixture of products, but the singular form“hydrocellulose” should not be used w
49、ithout an article, toavoid the implication of a molecularly homogeneous spe-cies.(2-hydroxyethyl)celluloseany of several cellulose ethers inwhich some of the hydroxyl groups have been substitutedwith hydroxyethyl groups. Hydroxyethyl cellulose, except atvery low degrees of substitution, is water-soluble.(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylcellulosea mixed ether of cellulosecontaining both hydroxyethyl and ethyl groups.(2-hydroxyethyl)methylcellulosea mixed ether of cellulosecontaining both hydroxyethyl and m
