1、Designation: D2098 04 (Reapproved 2012)Standard Test Method forDynamic Water Resistance of Shoe Upper Leather by theDow Corning Leather Tester1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2098; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the
2、 case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This t
3、est method covers the determination of the dy-namic water resistance of shoe upper leather by means of theDow Corning Tester. It has been revised to show the state of theart in the equipment used in testing. It is applicable to all typesof shoe upper leather. This test method does not apply to wetbl
4、ue.1.2 Initial water penetration and water absorption can bemeasured.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.4 This standar
5、d does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM
6、 Standards:2D2099 Test Method for Dynamic Water Resistance of ShoeUpper Leather by the Maeser Water Penetration Tester3. Significance and Use3.1 This test method is intended to estimate the waterresistance of shoe upper leather. The flex imparted to theleather is a magnification of the flex given th
7、e vamp of the shoein actual wear.NOTE 1There is an indication that this test method cannot be usedinterchangeably for specification purposes with Test Method D2099.4. Apparatus4.1 Balance, sensitive to 0.01 g.4.2 Dow Corning Leather Tester,3as shown in Fig. 1,oritsequivalent. The essential features
8、of the machine are asfollows:4.2.1 A specimen holder made of two vertical clamps. Eachclamp shall have two stainless steel arms (7.5 by 0.5 by 0.5 in.(190.5 by 12.7 by 12.7 mm), one arm fixed, the othermoveable. One clamp shall be mounted on a horizontalreciprocating shaft, that is, attached by a co
9、nnecting link to amotor driven eccentric, which turns at 60 r/min. The bottom ofthe clamps shall be in the same horizontal plane. In onerotation of the eccentric, the minimum distance betweenclamps shall be 1.50 6 0.01 in. (38.16 0.25 mm) (insidemeasurement) and the maximum distance between clamps 2
10、.506 0.01 in. (63.5 6 0.25 mm) (inside measurement).4.2.2 Water Tank made of stainless steel or other noncorro-sive material. It shall be of such a size that it can be placedaround the clamps, and of such a depth that when in positionfor use, the top of the pan is at least 2.5 in. (63.5 mm) abovethe
11、 bottom of the clamps, and the bottom of the pan is at least0.5 in. (12.7 mm) below the bottom of the clamps.4.2.3 Two systems shall be used to record the number ofcycles through which the specimen is flexed. One shall be amechanical reset counter connected to the movable clamp. Theother system shal
12、l be electrical (see Fig. 2). The resistanceacross the electrodes shall be 7500 6 500 ohms. The sensingelectrode shown is inside a leather specimen filled withstainless-steel balls. The common electrode is in a salt solutionwhich is in continuous contact with the specimen duringflexing. Switch S whe
13、n manually closed starts an electricalimpulse counter actuated by a micro switch, EC, which makescontact once on each flex. This records the total number offlexes until initial water penetration. Initial water penetration is1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D31 on Leather
14、and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D31.03 on Footwear. This testmethod was developed in cooperation with the American Leather Chemists Assn.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2012. Published September 2012. Originallyapproved in 1962 as D209862T. Last previous edition approved in 2008 a
15、sD209804(2008). DOI: 10.1520/D2098-04R12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The sole source of
16、supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis Koehler Instrument Co., 1595 Sycamore Ave., Bohemia, NY 11716. Telephone:(800) 878-9070. Fax: (516) 589-3815. If you are aware of alternative suppliers,please provide this information toASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receivecareful
17、 consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, whichyou may attend.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1detected by a current leakage from the high electrode throughthe specimen to the common electrode
18、in the conductingsolution. This causes the induction relay to operate, stoppingthe counter. (WarningIt is essential that the electrical circuitbe converted to 110 volts, not to exceed 28 volts across theFIG. 1 Dow Corning Leather TesterFIG. 2 Electrical Diagram for Dow Corning Leather TesterD2098 04
19、 (2012)2electrode. Specimen should be put in position or removed onlywhen the electrode circuit is not energized.)5. Reagents and Materials5.1 Magnetic Balls, stainless steel, diameter18 in. (3 mmoptional) 400 series. The steel balls must be clean and free ofgrease, oil, silicone, or rust and have a
20、 resistance less than 7500ohms before using.5.1.1 To clean, immerse stainless steel balls in mild acid,5 % Nitric. Rinse in running tap water for 3 to 5 min and allowto air dry.5.2 Rubber Gaskets or Adhesives for sealing the specimen.5.3 Magnet, to facilitate removal of the stainless steel balls.5.4
21、 Sodium Chloride Solution (1 g/L)Dissolve1gofsodium chloride (NaCl) in distilled water and dilute to 1 L.6. Test Specimen6.1 The test specimen shall be 3.94 by 3.54 6 0.01 in. (100by 90 6 .25 mm) with the backbone direction parallel to the3.54 in. (90 mm) side.7. Preparation of Apparatus7.1 Adjust t
22、he electrode projecting into the specimen to aposition 0.125 6 0.0625 in. (3.2 6 1.6 mm) above the bottomfold in the specimen, when the distance between clamps is at aminimum.7.2 Add NaCl solution to the pan of the Dow Corning Testeruntil the solution level is as indicated on the pan. If equivalenta
23、pparatus is used, adjust the solution level to 1716 6116 in.(36.56 1.6 mm) from the bottom of the clamps when the panis in operating position and there is no specimen in the clamps.8. Procedure8.1 Water Penetration and Water AbsorptionWater ab-sorption can be determined concurrently with initial wat
24、erpenetration, or as a separate measurement. If water absorptionis to be a separate determination, follow the procedure belowwith 8.1.12 changed to read “engage the drive-link mecha-nism.” Do not activate the electrode circuit.8.1.1 Weigh the specimen to the nearest 0.01 g.8.1.2 Disengage the link t
25、o the drive shaft, and place the pinon the underside of the drive-link handle in the back hole onthe drive-link bearing.8.1.3 Fold the specimen in half, bringing each 100 mm edgeto itself and with the surface to be exposed to the water on theoutside. Fold rubber gasket in half (hard rubber side out)
26、 andinsert into the specimen. Place the gasket flush with the edge ofthe specimen and in contact with the bottom of the fold. For awater penetration determination only, coat the 100 mm edgewith a film of adhesive no more than 12.5 mm wide. Press endstogether and hold until cured.8.1.4 Grasp the spec
27、imen with the left hand at the pointwhere the gasket is in place. Place the specimen between theopen jaws of a pair of clamps. Position the specimen so that thegasketed end is in the back clamp, with the bottom of the foldflush with the bottom of the clamps.8.1.5 Grasp the back clamp firmly in the l
28、eft hand (contain-ing the gasketed end of the specimen) and tighten down theclamp with the wing nut. The specimen must be very securelyclamped.8.1.6 Position the second gasket, folded as before, in thespecimen, so that it lies between the jaws of the front clamp.Grasp the clamp with the left hand an
29、d tighten the wing nutwith the right hand.8.1.7 Move the drive-link assembly forward and with theforefinger form a horizontal fold perpendicular to the path ofthe flex. Place the pin on the under side of drive-link handle inthe front hole of the drive-link bearing.8.1.8 Place approximately 100 6 5 g
30、 of stainless steel ballsinto the specimen pocket.8.1.9 Set electric and mechanical counters to zero reading.8.1.10 Turn on power to the mechanical drive, if it is notalready in operation.8.1.11 Put the pan in position.8.1.12 Engage the drive-link mechanism and immediatelythrow the toggle switch in
31、the electrode circuit.8.1.13 To determine initial water penetration, record thenumber of flexes indicated on the electrical counter when itstops counting.8.1.14 To determine water absorption, remove the specimenfrom the machine, blot with absorbent paper, and weigh to thenearest 0.01 g.9. Calculatio
32、n9.1 Water AbsorptionCalculate the percentage water ab-sorption as follows:Water absorption, % 5 A 2 B!/B# 3100 (1)where:A = mass of specimen after flexing, andB = mass of specimen before flexing.10. Report10.1 Report the following information:10.1.1 Water PenetrationNumber of flexes necessary topro
33、duce initial water penetration.10.1.2 Water Absorption:10.1.2.1 Percentage of water absorbed.10.1.2.2 Number of cycles that specimens were flexed.11. Precision11.1 Initial Water Penetration:11.1.1 The shape of the distribution curve of the individualinitial water penetration values is not normal due
34、 to extremevalues. There is a tendency for the standard deviation of theaverage of the initial water penetration values to increase as thewater resistance of the leather increases. Coefficients of varia-tion of 100 % are not unusual.11.1.2 Although the statistical analysis of initial waterpenetratio
35、n data indicates poor quantitative precision, it ispossible to rank leathers qualitatively in the order of their waterresistance.11.1.3 For research and development, it is suggested that thebend, belly, and shoulder areas of at least 12 sides of a givenD2098 04 (2012)3treatment-leather combination b
36、e samples in triplicate. Afterestablishing the performance characteristics of a treatment on agiven leather, the sampling need not be as extensive forproduction control and specification acceptance.11.2 Water Absorption:11.2.1 The water absorption values tend to follow a morenearly normal distributi
37、on. Coefficients of variation of less than25 % are not unusual.11.2.2 When comparing water absorption values, it is rec-ommended that all specimens receive the same number offlexes.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item
38、mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical commit
39、tee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a mee
40、ting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive,
41、PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).D2098 04 (2012)4
