1、Designation: D2261 13 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Test Method forTearing Strength of Fabrics by the Tongue (Single Rip)Procedure (Constant-Rate-of-Extension Tensile TestingMachine)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2261; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
2、 year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S.
3、 Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the tearingstrength of textile fabrics by the tongue (single rip) procedureusing a recording constant-rate-of-extension-type (CRE) ten-sile testing machine.1.1.1 The CRE-type tensile testing machine has become thepreferred
4、 test apparatus for determining tongue tearingstrength. It is recognized that some constant-rate-of-traverse-type (CRT) tensile testing machines continue to be used. As aconsequence, these test instruments may be used when agreedupon between the purchaser and the supplier. The conditionsfor use of t
5、he CRT-type tensile tester are included in AppendixX1.1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics includingwoven fabrics, air bag fabrics, blankets, napped fabrics, knitfabrics, layered fabrics, pile fabrics and non-wovens. Thefabrics may be untreated, heavily sized, coated, resin-treated,or otherw
6、ise treated. Instructions are provided for testingspecimens with or without wetting.1.3 Tear strength, as measured in this test method, requiresthat the tear be initiated before testing. The reported valueobtained is not directly related to the force required to initiateor start a tear.1.4 Two calcu
7、lations for tongue tearing strength are pro-vided: the single-peak force and the average of five highestpeak forces.1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units maybe approximate.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all
8、 of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-dance wit
9、h internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards
10、:2D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for TextilesD123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD629 Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of TextilesD1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile TestMethod that Produces Normally Distr
11、ibuted Data (With-drawn 2008)3D2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias forTextiles (Withdrawn 2008)3D4848 Terminology Related to Force, Deformation andRelated Properties of TextilesD4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric TestMethods3. Terminology3.1 For all terminology relating t
12、o D13.60, Fabric TestMethods, Specific, refer to Terminology D4850.3.2 For all terminology related to Force, Deformation andRelated Properties of Textiles, refer to Terminology D4848.3.2.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:cross-machine direction, CD, fabric, machine direction, MD,1T
13、his test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,Specific.Current edition approved July 15, 2017. Published August 2017. Originallyapproved in 1964. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D226
14、113. DOI:10.1520/D2261-13R17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of th
15、is historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in th
16、e Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1peak force, in tear testing of fabrics, tearing force, in fabric,tearing strength, in fabric.3.3 For all other termin
17、ology related to textiles, refer toTerminology D123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A rectangular specimen, cut in the center of a short edgeto form a two-tongued (trouser shaped) specimen, in which onetongue of the specimen is gripped in the upper jaw and theother tongue is gripped in the lower jaw of
18、 a tensile testingmachine. The separation of the jaws is continuously increasedto apply a force to propagate the tear. At the same time, theforce developed is recorded. The force to continue the tear iscalculated from autographic chart recorders or microprocessordata collection systems.5. Significan
19、ce and Use5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for accep-tance testing of commercial shipments since current estimatesof between-laboratory precision are acceptable, and the testmethod is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differen
20、ces inreported test results when using this test method for acceptancetesting of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the sup-plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there isa statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statis-tical assistance is recommended for the inve
21、stigation of bias.As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of testspecimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that arefrom a lot of fabric of the type in question. Test specimens thenshould be randomly assigned in equal numbers to eachlaboratory for testing. The average results from t
22、he twolaboratories should be compared using the appropriate statis-tical analysis and an acceptable probability level chosen by thetwo parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either itscause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and thesupplier must agree to interpret future tes
23、t results with consid-eration to the known bias.5.2 The force registered in a tear test is irregular, and as aconsequence, empirical methods have had to be developed toobtain usable values related to tear strength. In spite of theempirical nature of the reported values, the values are consid-ered to
24、 reflect comparative performance of similar fabricstested and measured in the same way. No known procedure isavailable that can be used with all fabrics to determine theminimum tearing strength.5.3 Depending on the nature of the specimen, the datarecording devices will show the tearing force in the
25、form of apeak or peaks. The highest peaks appear to reflect the strengthof the yarn components, fiber bonds, or fiber interlocks,individually or in combination, needed to stop a tear in a fabricof the same construction. The valleys recorded between thepeaks have no specific significance. The minimum
26、 tearingforce, however, is indicated to be above the lowest valleys.5.4 Most textile fabrics can be tested by this test method.Some modification of clamping techniques may be necessaryfor a given fabric due to its structure. Strong fabrics or fabricsmade from glass fibers usually require special ada
27、ptation toprevent them from slipping in the clamps or being damaged asa result of being gripped in the clamps.5.5 The CRE-type tensile testing machine has become thepreferred test apparatus for determining tongue tearingstrength. It is recognized that some constant-rate-of-traverse-type (CRT) tensil
28、e testing machines continue to be used.Consequently, these test instruments may be used when agreedupon between the purchaser and the supplier. The conditionsfor use of the CRT-type tester are included in Appendix X1.6. Apparatus6.1 Tensile Testing Machine4, of the CRE-type conformingto the requirem
29、ents of Specification D76 with autographicrecorder, or automatic microprocessor data gathering system.6.2 Clamps, having all gripping surfaces parallel, flat, andcapable of preventing slipping of the specimen during a test,and measuring at least 25 by 75 mm (1 by 3 in.) with the longerdimension perp
30、endicular to the direction of application of theforce.6.2.1 The use of hydraulic or pneumatic clamping systemswith a minimum of 25 by 75-mm (1 by 3-in.) rubber grippingsurfaces or serrated having an appropriate clamping force at thegrip faces depending on the type of fabric under test. Thepressure s
31、hould be sufficient to prevent slippage of the speci-men in the gripping surface during the test, while ensuring thespecimen is not damaged at the grip edge. Manual clamping ispermitted providing no slippage of the specimen is observed.6.2.2 For some materials, to prevent slippage when usingjaw face
32、s other than serrated, such as rubber-faced jaws, thejaw faces may be covered with a No. 80 to 120 medium-gritemery cloth. Secure the emery cloth to the jaw faces withpressure-sensitive tape.6.3 Cutting Die or Template, having essentially the shapeand dimensions shown in Fig. 1.7. Sampling and Test
33、Specimens7.1 Lot SampleAs a lot sample for acceptance testing,randomly select the number of rolls or pieces of fabric directedin an applicable material specification or other agreementbetween the purchaser and the supplier. Consider the rolls orpieces of fabric to be the primary sampling units. In t
34、heabsence of such an agreement, take the number of fabric rollsspecified in Table 1.NOTE 1An adequate specification or other agreement between thepurchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variabilitybetween rolls or pieces of fabric and between specimens from a swatchfrom a roll or
35、 piece of fabric to provide a sampling plan with a meaningfulproducers risk, consumers risk, acceptable quality level, and limitingquality level.7.2 Laboratory SampleFor acceptance testing, take aswatch extending the width of the fabric and approximately 1m (1 yd) along the machine direction from ea
36、ch roll or piece inthe lot sample. For rolls of fabric, take a sample that will4Apparatus is commercially available.D2261 13 (2017)2exclude fabric from the outer wrap of the roll or the inner wraparound the core of the roll of fabric.7.3 Test SpecimensFrom each laboratory sampling unit,take five spe
37、cimens from the machine direction and fivespecimens from the cross-machine direction, for each testcondition described in 9.1 and 9.2, as applicable to a materialspecification or contract order.7.3.1 Direction of TestConsider the short direction as thedirection of test.7.3.2 Cutting Test SpecimensCu
38、t rectangular specimens75 by 200 mm 6 1mm(3by8in.6 0.05 mm). Use the cuttingdie or template described in 6.3 and shown in Fig. 1. Take thespecimens to be used for the measurement of machine directionwith the longer dimension parallel to the cross-machine direc-tion. Take the specimens to be used for
39、 the measurement of thecross-machine direction with the longer dimension parallel tothe machine direction. Make a preliminary cut 75 mm 6 1mm(3 in. 6 0.05 in.) long at the center of the 75-mm (3-in.) widthas shown in Fig. 1. When specimens are to be tested wet, takethe specimens from areas adjacent
40、to the dry test specimens.Label to maintain specimen identity.7.3.2.1 In cutting the specimens, take care to align the yarnsrunning in the long direction parallel with the die such thatwhen the slit is cut, the subsequent tear will take place betweenthese yarns and not across them. This precaution i
41、s mostimportant when testing bowed fabrics.7.3.2.2 Take specimens representing a broad distributionacross the width and length, preferably along the diagonal ofthe laboratory sample, and no nearer the edge than one tenth itswidth. Ensure specimens are free of folds, creases, or wrinkles.Avoid gettin
42、g oil, water, grease, and so forth, on the specimenswhen handling.8. Preparation of Test Apparatus and Calibration8.1 Set the distance between the clamps at the start of thetest at 75 6 1 mm (3.0 6 0.05 in.).8.2 Select the full-scale force range of the testing machinesuch that the maximum force occu
43、rs between 10 and 90 % offull-scale force.8.3 Set the testing speed to 50 6 2 mm/min (2 6 0.1in./min). When agreed upon between the purchaser and thesupplier, the testing speed may be set to 300 6 10 mm/min (126 0.5 in./min).8.4 Verify calibration of the tensile testing machine asdirected in the man
44、ufacturers instructions.8.5 When using microprocessor automatic data gatheringsystems, set the appropriate parameters as specified in themanufacturers instructions and Specification D76.9. Conditioning9.1 Condition 1, Standard Testing Conditioning:9.1.1 Precondition the specimens by bringing them to
45、 ap-proximate moisture equilibrium in the standard atmosphere forpreconditioning textiles as specified in Practice D1776, unlessotherwise specified in a material specification or contract order.9.1.2 After preconditioning, bring the test specimens tomoisture equilibrium for testing in the standard a
46、tmosphere fortesting textiles as specified in Practice D1776 or, if applicable,in the specified atmosphere in which the testing is to beperformed, unless otherwise specified in a material specifica-tion or contract order. In addition to conditioning it is importantfor fabrics with stretch characteri
47、stics to relax for a period of24 h prior to sample preparation.9.2 Condition 2, Wet Specimen Testing Conditioning:9.2.1 When desizing treatments are specified prior to wettesting, use desizing treatments that will not affect the normalphysical property of the fabric as specified in Test MethodD629.9
48、.2.2 Submerge the specimens in a container of distilled ordeionized water at ambient temperature until thoroughlysoaked (see 9.2.2.1).NOTE 1All dimensions in mm.FIG. 1 Template for Marking and Cutting Tongue Tear SpecimensTABLE 1 Number of Rolls or Pieces of Fabric in the Lot SampleNumber of Rolls o
49、r Piecesin Lot, InclusiveNumber of Rolls or Pieces in Lot Sample1to3 all4to24 425 to 50 5over 50 10 % to a maximum of 10 rolls or piecesD2261 13 (2017)39.2.2.1 The time of immersion must be sufficient to wet outthe specimens as indicated by no significant change in tearingforce followed by longer periods of immersion. For mostfabrics this time period will be about 1 h. For fabrics notreadily wet out with water, such as those treated with water-repellent or water-resistant materials, add a 0.1 % solution of anonionic wetting agent to the water bath.10. Procedure10.1 Test
