1、Guide to Tilt-Up Concrete ConstructionReported by ACI Committee 551ACI 551.1R-14First PrintingNovember 2014ISBN: 978-0-87031-956-3Guide to Tilt-Up Concrete ConstructionCopyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copi
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11、can Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331Phone: +1.248.848.3700Fax: +1.248.848.3701www.concrete.orgTilt-up concrete construction is commonly used in low- to mid-rise building construction. This guide reviews the many issues related to the planning and construction of t
12、ilt-up buildings to produce a quality tilt-up project. Major topics include preconstruction planning, foundations, special considerations for slab-on-ground construction, wall panel forming and casting, panel erection, connections and repairing, and painting. This guide also contains sections on sus
13、tainability and insulation systems, as well as refer-ences to the relevant codes and standards including updated Occupational Safety finish; inserts; insulation; panel; precast; release agent; sandwich panel; site cast; sustainability; tilt-up.Jeff Griffin, Chair James R. Baty II, SecretaryACI 551.1
14、R-14Guide to Tilt-Up Concrete ConstructionReported by ACI Committee 551Iyad M. AlsamsamWilliam R. BraswellJerry D. CoombsDarryl E. DixonMichael FultonJohn G. HartRobert P. HirschBrent E. HungerfordAnthony I. JohnsonPhilip S. KopfKimberly Waggle KramerJames S. LaiJohn W. LawsonEd T. McGuireAndrew S.
15、McPhersonTrent C. NageleCraig J. OlsonLance OsborneJayendra R. PatelJ. Edward SauterNandu K. ShahJoseph J. SteinbickerJason A. SwagertGerry J. WeilerConsulting membersHugh BrooksDavid L. KellyACI Committee Reports, Guides, and Commentaries are intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing,
16、 and inspecting construction. This document is intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. The American Concrete Institute dis
17、claims any and all responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be made in contract documents. If items found in this document are desired by the Architect/Engineer to be a part of the contra
18、ct documents, they shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by the Architect/Engineer.ACI 551.1R-14 supersedes ACI 551.1R-05 and was adopted and published November 2014.Copyright 2014, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any fo
19、rm or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual repro-duction or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyr
20、ight proprietors.CONTENTSCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE, p. 21.1Introduction, p. 2CHAPTER 2DEFINITIONS, p. 2CHAPTER 3HISTORY, TRENDS, AND SUSTAINABILITY, p. 33.1History of tilt-up construction, p. 33.2Trends, p. 43.3Sustainability, p. 4CHAPTER 4PRECONSTRUCTION PLANNING, p. 64.1Introduction, p. 64.2
21、Site layout and crane access, p. 64.3Review of drawings, p. 74.4Production schedule, p. 74.5Submittals, p. 74.6Staging, p. 84.7Crews, p. 84.8Panel layout and erection, p. 84.9Casting beds and stack casting, p. 84.10Concrete placement and testing, p. 94.11Panel orientation and bracing, p. 94.12Safety
22、 planning, p. 10CHAPTER 5FOUNDATIONS, p. 115.1Foundation systems, p. 115.2Continuous footings, p. 115.3Spread footings, p. 125.4Foundation walls, p. 125.5Deep foundations (piles and drilled piers), p. 125.6Foundation elevation versus bottom of panel eleva-tion, p. 135.7Backfill at loading dock high
23、panels, p. 141CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE1.1IntroductionTilt-up concrete construction is a unique form of site-cast precast construction where building elements commonly referred to as panels are constructed in job-site conditions and set in place within the building design. The conditions of ca
24、sting location and positioning within the building design, therefore, necessitate tilt-ups own specialized set of design parameters and construction techniques. Tilt-up panels are generally handled only once. They are lifted or tilted from the casting slab and erected in their final position in one
25、continuous operation.ACI defines tilt-up as “a construction technique for casting concrete elements in a horizontal position at the job site and then tilting them to their final position in a structure.” ACI 318 further states that tilt-up concrete construction is a form of precast concrete. Several
26、 features make the tilt-up construction method unique.Tilt-up panels serve as many functions for building design as markets in which they are constructed. Panels, or perhaps better described as tilt-up elements are constructed with and without openings, sometimes consisting of only a grid of monolit
27、hic beams and columns. Wall panels are found flat, ribbed, curved (with broad to tight radii), and even biaxially curved. Elements have been constructed freestanding and cantilevered, simply supported, and connected in a variety of configurations. Elements have been taller than 96 ft (30 m) (Lucky S
28、treet Parking Garage, Hollywood, FL) and building faades have been stacked as high as 138 ft (42 m) (ASU Student Housing, Phoenix, AZ). Not all tilt-up elements are building panels, however. Although the majority produced annually are designed as either load- or nonload-bearing building envelope pan
29、els, tilt-up elements have also been featured as signs, monuments and art, walkways, stadium seat supports, spires, tanks, tunnels, and bridges.1.2ScopeThis guide presents the basic concepts, techniques, and procedures used in tilt-up construction. The design of tilt-up wall panels, although not add
30、ressed in this guide, is addressed in the companion design guide ACI 551.2R, which is beneficial in content to both licensed design profes-sionals and contractors. This guide includes a brief history of tilt-up concrete and a discussion of planning; foundation and floor slab construction; and wall p
31、anel forming, casting, and erection. It briefly describes typical connections used to attach the panels to the rest of the structure, and options for panel finishes are briefly described.CHAPTER 2DEFINITIONSACI provides a comprehensive list of definitions through an online resource, “ACI Concrete Te
32、rminology,” http:/www.concrete.org/Tools/ConcreteTerminology.aspx. Defi-nitions provided herein complement that resource.bolster stripcontinuous reinforcement support device for wire mesh or mat in a concrete slab or wythe element.cribbingwood blocking set under crane outriggers to spread the point
33、load over a larger area to prevent damage to the supporting surface.densifierchemical applied to a concrete surface to fill pores, increasing surface density.elastomeric paintpaint consisting of a polymer with elasticity, generally having low Youngs Modulus and high yield strain compared with other
34、materials that behave as a rubber-like membrane on the concrete surface to span cracks and decrease permeability.hygrothermal analysisanalysis of the movement of heat and moisture through buildings, particularly a building envelope, component, or system.membrane bond breakernonchemically active rele
35、ase CHAPTER 6CONSIDERATIONS FOR SLAB-ON-GROUND CONSTRUCTION, p. 146.1Temporary construction loads, p. 146.2Floor slab (casting bed) preparation, p. 146.3Joints and openings, p. 156.4Slab closure strips (pour strips), p. 166.5Floor slab repair, p. 16CHAPTER 7WALL PANEL FORMING AND CASTING, p. 177.1Fo
36、rming, p. 177.2Architectural treatments, p. 207.3Reinforcement placement, p. 267.4Steel embedment plates, p. 277.5Lifting and bracing inserts, p. 277.6Concrete placement, finishing, and curing, p. 29CHAPTER 8PANEL ERECTION, p. 318.1Before erection, p. 318.2Rigging, p. 318.3Panel erection sequence, p
37、. 318.4Safety, p. 33CHAPTER 9CONNECTIONS, p. 339.1Design of connections, p. 339.2Foundation and slab-on-ground connections, p. 339.3Roof connections and supported floor connections, p. 359.4Panel-to-panel connections, p. 379.5Connections for higher seismic design categories, p. 38CHAPTER 10FINISHING
38、 AND SEALING, p. 3810.1Surface preparation, p. 3810.2Repairs, p. 3810.3Joints, p. 3910.4Paints, p. 40CHAPTER 11INSULATED PANELS, p. 4111.1Insulated panels, p. 4111.2Sandwich panels, p. 4111.3Insulation, p. 42American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Material www.concrete.org2 GUIDE TO TILT-UP CONCRETE
39、 CONSTRUCTION (ACI 551.1R-14)agent that prevents the bond of fresh concrete to the casting surface that dissipates with time.penetrating bond breakerchemically active release agent that prevents the bond of fresh concrete to the cast-ing surface that requires cleaning methods to remove from substrat
40、e.polyisocyanuratethermoset plastic typically produced as foam and used as rigid thermal insulation.polystyrenerigid or foamed synthetic aromatic polymer made from the monomer styrene, a liquid petrochemical for use in extruded shapes or insulation boards.polysulfidessealants designed for joints tha
41、t need to withstand prolonged immersion in liquids. Typical applica-tions include swimming pools, fountains, cooling towers, fuel and chemical storage tanks, wastewater treatment, and petrochemical plants.reentrantinward corner of a concrete element that is typically recognized at windows and doors.
42、reveallongitudinal recess in the surface of a concrete element.spud vibratorvibrator with a vibrating casing or a vibrating head used to consolidate freshly placed concrete by insertion into the mass. Also commonly referred to as a stinger.thermal transmittancemeasure of the rate of heat loss of a b
43、uilding component expressed as watts per square me-ter, per degree Kelvin, W/m2K; U-value is calculated from the reciprocal of the combined thermal resistances of the materials in the element, air spaces and surfaces, also taken into account is the effect of thermal bridges, air gaps, and fixings (c
44、ommonly known as the U-value).urethanesthermosetting polymer formed by reacting an isocyanurate with a polyol, used in the manufacture of flex-ible, high-resilience foam seating, caulks, and rigid foam insulation panels.wytheeach continuous vertical section of a concrete wall in monolithic thickness
45、.CHAPTER 3HISTORY, TRENDS, AND SUSTAINABILITY3.1History of tilt-up constructionAlthough precasting building elements is sometimes considered an innovative concept in engineering, origins can be traced to as early as 4700 BC to a small village in Jarmo, Iraq, where the villagers made walls for their
46、dwellings from touf, a pressed mud. As cementitious materials became available, the quality and durability of these precast mate-rials improved. The Romans produced pozzolan cement, which they used extensively in their building projects around 25 BC. It was not until the nineteenth century and the d
47、evelopment of portland cement that concrete structures became integral to the construction process. By 1890, port-land cement was widely accepted as the standard cementing material.Early structures using portland-cement concrete were usually cast-in-place. By 1914, cast-in-place concrete rein-forced
48、 with mild steel reinforcing bars was second only to structural steel as a building material.Some builders in the United States developed an early form of tilt-up construction in which a tilting platform was used. Aiken (1909) described the innovative method where walls for a building were construct
49、ed on a structural plat-form, then rotated or tilted upward by means of specially designed mechanical jacks, setting the panel in its final posi-tion. This tilt table method was used on the Jewett Lumber Company in Des Moines, IA, between 1906 and 1912, and on several Army facilities, factory buildings, and churches. The tilt table method was also used on the Memorial United Methodist Church in suburban Chicago. The church construction incorporated decorative precast elements th
