1、Designation: D375/D375M 95 (Reapproved 2009)1Standard Specification forAsbestos Roving1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D375/D375M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A num
2、ber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEUnits information was corrected editorially in March 2010.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers asbestos roving having aminimum of 75 mass % asbe
3、stos fiber, excluding the mass ofother inorganic reinforcing strands which may be present.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independe
4、ntly of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.3 WarningBreathing of asbestos dust is hazardous.Asbestos and asbestos products present demonstrated healthrisks for users and for those with whom they come into contact.In addition to other prec
5、autions, when working with asbestos-cement products, minimize the dust that results. For informa-tion on the safe use of chrysoltile asbestos, refer to “Safe Useof Chrysotile Asbestos: A Manual on Preventive and ControlMeasures.”21.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to thetest metho
6、ds, Section 13, described in this specification: Thisstandard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the applicability of regulatory
7、 limita-tions prior to use. For specific safety hazard warning, see 1.3.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for TextilesD123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD861 Practice for Use of the Tex System to DesignateLinear Density of Fibers, Yarn Interm
8、ediates, and YarnsD1118 Test Method for Magnetic Rating of Asbestos Fiberand Asbestos TextilesD1918 Test Method for Asbestos Content of AsbestosTextilesD2100 Specification for Asbestos Textiles Used for Electri-cal Insulating PurposesD2260 Tables of Conversion Factors and Equivalent YarnNumbers Meas
9、ured in Various Numbering SystemsD2946 Terminology for Asbestos and AsbestosCementProducts3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of other textile terms used in thisspecification, refer to Terminology D123. For asbestos terms,refer to Terminology D2946.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 asbestos fiber, nthe hydrous ma
10、gnesium silicateserpentine mineral designated as chrysotile and having theempirical formula Mg3Si2O5(OH)4.3.2.2 asbestos roving, nan assemblage of carded asbestos,with or without other fibers, rubbed into a single strand withouttwist.3.2.3 asbestos roving construction number, na systemdesigned to sh
11、ow the construction, namely, the cut of the singleroving and whether reinforcements are present.3.2.3.1 DiscussionRovings up to 9-cut, inclusive, have3-digit construction numbers: the first digit indicates the cut,the second digit, the number of plies (always 1), and the thirddigit, the number of re
12、inforcements. Rovings of 10-cut andover have 4-digit construction numbers; the first 2 digitsindicate the cut, the third digit, the number of plies (always 1),and the fourth digit, the number of reinforcements.Rovings containing reinforcements are designated by theroving construction number followed
13、 by the description of thereinforcing strand.Examples:No. 1010 roving 10-cut, no reinforcementNo. 1011 roving 10-cut, 1 reinforcement (as specified)When wire is the reinforcement, the cut indicates the linear density of asbes-tos roving only (mass of the wire not included). When the reinforcement is
14、 other1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C17 onFiber-Reinforced Cement Products and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC17.03 on Asbestos - Cement Sheet Products and Accessories.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2009. Published March 2010. Originallyapproved in 1
15、933. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D375 95(2004)1.DOI: 10.1520/D0375_D0375M-95R09E01.2Available from The Asbestos Institute, http:/ referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume
16、 information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.than wire, the cut indicates the linear density of the complete assembly.3.2.4 atmosphere for testing asbes
17、tos textiles, nair main-tained at a relative humidity of 50 6 2 % at 21 6 1C.3.2.5 cut, nin asbestos, the number of 201.6 lengths perkilogram 100-yd lengths per pound 453.6 g 7000 grains ofasbestos roving.3.2.5.1 DiscussionThe term “cut” represents a length-per-unit-mass unit, and is derived by cutt
18、ing (dividing) 7000 grains(453.6 g) by the mass of 10 yd in grains or the mass of 201.6m in kilograms of a single roving. The number of such unitsexpresses the number of the cut, and when multiplied by 100,indicates the nominal yards per pound.Example 1If 5 30-m skeins of single roving, or 150 m, we
19、ight 45.2 g, then201.6 m weigh 60.7 g.Cut = 1 kg/60.7 g= 16.47, or 16.47-cut, which is 16 cut on the light side; and 163 201.6 =3226 m/kg, nominal.Example 2If five 30-yd skeins of single roving, or 150 yd, weigh 637.5grains, then 100 yd weigh 425 grains.Cut = 7000/425= 16.47, or 16.47-cut, which is
20、16-cut on the light side; and 163 100 =1600 yd/lb, nominal.The term 9cut9 as applied to asbestos may be defined differently in countriesother than the USA.3.2.6 reinforced asbestos roving, nasbestos roving con-taining a reinforcement of one or more strands of other fibersor wire.4. Classification an
21、d Grade4.1 Classes of asbestos roving are based on their structuralcomponents as follows:4.1.1 Class ARoving consisting of asbestos fiber or as-bestos and other staple fiber(s).4.1.2 Class CAsbestos roving containing organic rein-forcing strand(s) as specified in 6.2.4.1.3 Class DAsbestos roving con
22、taining nonmetallicinorganic reinforcing strand(s) as specified in 6.3.4.1.4 Class EAsbestos roving containing a combinationof the reinforcing strands used in Classes C through D.4.2 GradeThe grades of asbestos roving are based on thepercentage of asbestos content by mass as stated in Table 1.4.3 El
23、ectrical Insulation Classification:4.3.1 Asbestos roving as made for the electrical industry isfurnished in three types, classifed on the basis of magneticrating determinations, determined by Test Method D1118,asfollows:4.3.2 Type II (Magnetic Rating 0.75 Maximum) is intendedonly for special applica
24、tions where the asbestos is of primaryimportance as electrical insulation used on magnet wire andwhen used primarily as a dielectric.4.3.3 Type IV (Magnetic Rating 2.00 Maximum) is intendedfor use where the asbestos is of secondary importance aselectrical insulation and where it is applied in combin
25、ation withother materials of comparably higher dielectric strength, as inthe construction of heat and flame resistant electrical insulatingwalls over unit conductors of electric cables.4.3.4 Type VI (Magnetic Rating 4.00 Maximum) is intendedfor use where the asbestos is of minor importance as adiele
26、ctric, as in the construction of filler or heat and flameresistant walls of electric cables or when used as a lining forcontrol enclosures subject to exposure to electric arcs (arcchutes).5. Ordering Information5.1 Asbestos roving is normally purchased on the basis ofroving construction number, clas
27、s, type, and grade (see 16.1).6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 FibersAsbestos roving shall be uniformly cardedfrom a specified blend of staple fibers.6.2 Organic ReinforcementsThe organic reinforcement(s)may be cotton, nylon, rayon, or other spun or filament yarn(s)as specified in the order.6.3 Nonme
28、tallic Inorganic ReinforcementsThe inorganicreinforcement(s) may be glass, or other ceramic or vitreousspun or filament yarn(s) as specified in the order.7. Chemical Composition7.1 Reinforcements The chemical properties of the rein-forcements shall meet the specifications for such materials asagreed
29、 upon by the purchaser and the seller.7.2 Asbestos Content The asbestos content of the particu-lar grade specified shall be within the limits in Table 1.8. Physical Properties8.1 Reinforcements Physical properties of the reinforce-ments shall meet the specifications for such materials as agreedupon
30、by the purchaser and the seller.8.2 Electromagnetic PropertiesRoving to be used forelectrical insulating purposes shall conform to the requirementsof Specification D2100.9. Mechanical Properties9.1 Tensile (Breaking) StrengthThe tensile strength(breaking load) of asbestos roving shall be as agreed u
31、pon bythe buyer and the seller.10. Dimensions, Mass, and Permissible Variations10.1 Roving Number (Cut)The linear density in metresper kilogram or yards per pound of single asbestos rovingshall conform to the limits in Table 2.11. Sampling11.1 Take five sample packages at random from each lot of400
32、to 500 kg 800 to 1000 lb, or fraction thereof, preferablyfrom more than two containers (cases) of roving.TABLE 1 Grades of Asbestos RovingGrade Asbestos Content, mass %Commercial 75 up to but excluding 80Underwriters 80 up to but excluding 85A 85 up to but excluding 90AA 90 up to but excluding 95AAA
33、 95 up to but excluding 99AAAA 99 to 100 inclusiveD375/D375M 95 (2009)1212. Specimen Preparation12.1 Condition all samples in the atmosphere for testingasbestos textiles (see 3.2.4) for a minimum of 4 h, or until aspecimen of the sample shows no progressive change in massof more than 0.1 % after an
34、exposure of 0.5 h.13. Test MethodsROVING NUMBER (CUT)13.1 ScopeThis test method covers the determination ofthe cut number of asbestos roving.13.2 Significance and UseThe cut is the dimension ofasbestos roving that is of primary importance since it indicatesits specific length per unit mass. It is us
35、ed to establish thesuitability of a roving for a particular application.13.3 HazardsWarningsee 1.3.13.4 Procedure:13.4.1 Determine the linear density of plain or reinforcedasbestos roving as directed in 13.4.2 and 13.4.4. Calculate theroving number as in 3.3.1.13.4.2 Nonreinforced RovingDetermine th
36、e linear densityof conditioned nonreinforced roving as follows: Cut four 1 60.01-m 16 0.01-yd lengths from each of the five packages.Combine and weigh the specimen of 20 m 20 yd to thenearest 0.5 g and calculate the number of metres per kilogramyards per pound using Eq 1:Y 5 20/Wor Y 5 20!/W (1)wher
37、e:Y = metres per kilogram yards per pound, andW = mass of the 20-m 20-yd specimen in kilogramspounds.13.4.3 Repeat the procedure in 13.4.2 on four additional20-m 20-yd specimens taken from the same five packages.Calculate the average metres per kilogram yards per pound ofthe five specimens.13.4.4 Re
38、inforced RovingsReinforcing strands are to beincluded in the mass of the roving in determining the lineardensity. Calculate the metres per kilogram yards per pound asdirected in 13.4.2.13.4.5 Repeat the procedure in 13.4.4 on four additional20-m 20-yd specimens taken from the same five packages.Calc
39、ulate the average metres per kilogram yards per pound ofthe five specimens.13.4.6 Metallic Reinforced RovingMetallic reinforcingstrands are not to be included in the mass of the roving indetermining the linear density. Prepare the 20-m 20-ydspecimen as directed in 13.4.2 and weigh to the nearest 0.5
40、 g.Separate and weigh the total metallic reinforcement to thenearest 0.5 g. Calculate the number of metres per kilogramyards per pound using Eq 2:Y 5 20/M 2 R!or Y 5 20/M 2 R (2)where:Y = metres per kilogram yards per pound,M = total mass of the 20-m 20-yd specimen in kilogramspound, andR = mass of
41、metallic reinforcement in kilograms pound.13.4.7 Repeat the procedure in 13.4.6 on four additional20-m 20-yd specimens taken from the same five packages.Calculate the average metres per kilogram yards per pound ofthe five specimens.13.5 Precision and BiasSee Section 14.TENSILE (BREAKING) STRENGTH (B
42、REAKING LOAD)13.6 ScopeThis test method covers the determination ofthe tensile (breaking) strength (or breaking load) of asbestosroving.13.7 Significance and UseThe tensile strength determina-tion provides an evaluation of the degree to which individualfibers in the roving are meshed together and a
43、measure of thecohesive strength of the roving. It may be used to determine thesuitability of reinforced roving for specific applications.13.8 ApparatusSee 13.10.1.1.13.9 HazardsRefer to 13.3.13.10 Procedure:13.10.1 Nonreinforced RovingIt is not industry practice toconduct tensile (breaking) strength
44、 tests on this material.13.10.1.1 ApparatusUse a constant-rate-of traverse-typetensile testing machine conforming to Specification D76. Thetensile testing machine should have a range within which thecalibration of the load-indicating device is accurate within61.0 % and the breaking load can be read
45、with a precision of62.0 %. Set the full-scale load of the tensile testing machine sothat the estimated load to rupture the specimen falls between 30and 80 % of full scale.13.10.1.2 Reinforced RovingMake all tests on condi-tioned single strands in the standard atmosphere for testingasbestos. Determin
46、e the tensile strength (breaking load) of eachTABLE 2 Requirements for Length per Unit Mass of StandardAsbestos RovingCutNumberNominal Lengthper Unit MassPermissible Variation inAverage Length per Unit Massin a 30-m 30-yd skeinm/kg yd/lbAm/kg yd/lbAm/kg yd/lb5-cut 1000 500 681 640 6150 6756-cut 1200
47、 600 697 648 6180 6907-cut 1400 700 6113 656 6210 61508-cut 1600 800 6129 664 6240 61209-cut 1800 900 6145 672 6270 613510-cut 2000 1000 6161 680 6300 615012-cut 2400 1200 6194 696 6360 618014-cut 2800 1400 6230 6112 6420 621016-cut 3200 1600 6260 6128 6480 624018-cut 3600 1800 6290 6144 6540 627020
48、-cut 4000 2000 6320 6160 6600 630022-cut 4400 2200 6350 6176 6670 633024-cut 4800 2400 6390 6192 6730 636026-cut 5200 2600 6420 6208 6790 639028-cut 5600 2800 6450 6224 6850 642030-cut 6000 3000 6480 6240 6910 645035-cut 7100 3500 6560 6280 61100 652540-cut 8100 4000 6650 6320 61200 660045-cut 9100
49、4500 6730 6360 61400 667550-cut 10100 5000 6810 6400 61500 6750ATo determine tex numbers, divide 496050 by yards-per-pound. A tex unit isequal to the mass in grams of 1 km of yarn. See Tables D2260 and Practice D861.D375/D375M 95 (2009)13conditioned single strand on a single strand testing machine ofproper capacity with the clamps set 250 mm 10 in. apart andat a pulling speed of 3006 10 mm 12 6 0.5 in./min. Takethree specimens from
