1、Designation: D 375 95 (Reapproved 2004)e1Standard Specification forAsbestos Roving1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 375; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in pa
2、rentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEAsbestos warning was moved from 13.3 to 1.2 in September 2004.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers asbestos roving having aminimum of 75 mass % asbesto
3、s fiber, excluding the mass ofother inorganic reinforcing strands which may be present.1.2 WarningBreathing of asbestos dust is hazardous.Asbestos and asbestos products present demonstrated healthrisks for users and for those with whom they come into contact.In addition to other precautions, when wo
4、rking with asbestos-cement products, minimize the dust that results. For informa-tion on the safe use of chrysoltile asbestos, refer to “Safe Useof Chrysotile Asbestos: A Manual on Preventive and ControlMeasures.”21.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to thetest methods, Section 13,
5、described in this specification: Thisstandard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-tions pr
6、ior to use. For specific safety hazard warning, see 1.2.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D 76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for TextilesD 123 Terminolog
7、y Relating to TextilesD 861 Practice for Use of the Tex System to DesignateLinear Density of Fibers, Yarn Intermediates, and YarnsD 1118 Test Method for Magnetic Rating of Asbestos Fiberand Asbestos TextilesD 1918 Test Method for Asbestos Content of AsbestosTextilesD 2100 Specification for Asbestos
8、Textiles Used for Elec-trical Insulating PurposesD 2260 Tables of Conversion Factors and Equivalent YarnNumbers Measured in Various Numbering SystemsD 2946 Terminology Relating to Asbestos3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of other textile terms used in thisspecification, refer to Terminology D 123.
9、For asbestos terms,refer to Terminology D 2946.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 asbestos fiber, nthe hydrous magnesium silicateserpentine mineral designated as chrysotile and having theempirical formula Mg3Si2O5(OH)4.3.2.2 asbestos roving, nan assemblage of carded asbestos,with or without other fibers, rubbed
10、into a single strand withouttwist.3.2.3 asbestos roving construction number, na systemdesigned to show the construction, namely, the cut of the singleroving and whether reinforcements are present.3.2.3.1 DiscussionRovings up to 9-cut, inclusive, have3-digit construction numbers: the first digit indi
11、cates the cut,the second digit, the number of plies (always 1), and the thirddigit, the number of reinforcements. Rovings of 10-cut andover have 4-digit construction numbers; the first 2 digitsindicate the cut, the third digit, the number of plies (always 1),and the fourth digit, the number of reinf
12、orcements.Rovings containing reinforcements are designated by theroving construction number followed by the description of thereinforcing strand.Examples:No. 1010 roving 10-cut, no reinforcementNo. 1011 roving 10-cut, 1 reinforcement (as specified)When wire is the reinforcement, the cut indicates th
13、e linear density of asbes-tos roving only (mass of the wire not included). When the reinforcement is otherthan wire, the cut indicates the linear density of the complete assembly.3.2.4 atmosphere for testing asbestos textiles, nair main-tained at a relative humidity of 50 6 2 % at 21 6 1C.1This spec
14、ification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C17 onFiber-Reinforced Cement Products and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC17.03 on Asbestos-Cement Sheet Products and Accessories.Current edition approved June 1, 2004. Published July 2004. Originally approvedin 1933. Discontinued 1
15、989 and reinstated in 1995. Last previous edition approvedin 1999 as D 375 95 (1999).2Available from The Asbestos Institute, http:/ referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information
16、, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.5 cut, nin asbestos, the number of 201.6 lengths perkilogram (100-yd lengths per pound) 453.6 g (7000 grains) ofasb
17、estos roving.3.2.5.1 DiscussionThe term “cut” represents a length-per-unit-mass unit, and is derived by cutting (dividing) 7000 grains(453.6 g) by the mass of 10 yd in grains or the mass of 201.6m in kilograms of a single roving. The number of such unitsexpresses the number of the cut, and when mult
18、iplied by 100,indicates the nominal yards per pound.Example 1If 5 30-m skeins of single roving, or 150 m, weight 45.2 g, then201.6 m weigh 60.7 g.Cut = 1 kg/60.7 g= 16.47, or 16.47-cut, which is 16 cut on the light side; and 163 201.6 =3226 m/kg, nominal.Example 2If five 30-yd skeins of single rovin
19、g, or 150 yd, weigh 637.5grains, then 100 yd weigh 425 grains.Cut = 7000/425= 16.47, or 16.47-cut, which is 16-cut on the light side; and 163 100 =1600 yd/lb, nominal.The term 9cut9 as applied to asbestos may be defined differently in countriesother than the USA.3.2.6 reinforced asbestos roving, nas
20、bestos roving con-taining a reinforcement of one or more strands of other fibersor wire.4. Classification and Grade4.1 Classes of asbestos roving are based on their structuralcomponents as follows:4.1.1 Class ARoving consisting of asbestos fiber or as-bestos and other staple fiber(s).4.1.2 Class CAs
21、bestos roving containing organic rein-forcing strand(s) as specified in 6.2.4.1.3 Class DAsbestos roving containing nonmetallicinorganic reinforcing strand(s) as specified in 6.3.4.1.4 Class EAsbestos roving containing a combinationof the reinforcing strands used in Classes C through D.4.2 GradeThe
22、grades of asbestos roving are based on thepercentage of asbestos content by mass as stated in Table 1.4.3 Electrical Insulation Classification:4.3.1 Asbestos roving as made for the electrical industry isfurnished in three types, classifed on the basis of magneticrating determinations, determined by
23、Test Method D 1118, asfollows:4.3.2 Type II (Magnetic Rating 0.75 Maximum) is intendedonly for special applications where the asbestos is of primaryimportance as electrical insulation used on magnet wire andwhen used primarily as a dielectric.4.3.3 Type IV (Magnetic Rating 2.00 Maximum) is intendedf
24、or use where the asbestos is of secondary importance aselectrical insulation and where it is applied in combination withother materials of comparably higher dielectric strength, as inthe construction of heat and flame resistant electrical insulatingwalls over unit conductors of electric cables.4.3.4
25、 Type VI (Magnetic Rating 4.00 Maximum) is intendedfor use where the asbestos is of minor importance as adielectric, as in the construction of filler or heat and flameresistant walls of electric cables or when used as a lining forcontrol enclosures subject to exposure to electric arcs (arcchutes).5.
26、 Ordering Information5.1 Asbestos roving is normally purchased on the basis ofroving construction number, class, type, and grade (see 16.1).6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 FibersAsbestos roving shall be uniformly cardedfrom a specified blend of staple fibers.6.2 Organic ReinforcementsThe organic rei
27、nforcement(s)may be cotton, nylon, rayon, or other spun or filament yarn(s)as specified in the order.6.3 Nonmetallic Inorganic ReinforcementsThe inorganicreinforcement(s) may be glass, or other ceramic or vitreousspun or filament yarn(s) as specified in the order.7. Chemical Composition7.1 Reinforce
28、ments The chemical properties of the rein-forcements shall meet the specifications for such materials asagreed upon by the purchaser and the seller.7.2 Asbestos Content The asbestos content of the particu-lar grade specified shall be within the limits in Table 1.8. Physical Properties8.1 Reinforceme
29、nts Physical properties of the reinforce-ments shall meet the specifications for such materials as agreedupon by the purchaser and the seller.8.2 Electromagnetic PropertiesRoving to be used forelectrical insulating purposes shall conform to the requirementsof Specification D 2100.9. Mechanical Prope
30、rties9.1 Tensile (Breaking) StrengthThe tensile strength(breaking load) of asbestos roving shall be as agreed upon bythe buyer and the seller.10. Dimensions, Mass, and Permissible Variations10.1 Roving Number (Cut)The linear density in metresper kilogram (or yards per pound) of single asbestos rovin
31、gshall conform to the limits in Table 2.11. Sampling11.1 Take five sample packages at random from each lot of400 to 500 kg (800 to 1000 lb), or fraction thereof, preferablyfrom more than two containers (cases) of roving.12. Specimen Preparation12.1 Condition all samples in the atmosphere for testing
32、asbestos textiles (see 3.2.4) for a minimum of 4 h, or until aTABLE 1 Grades of Asbestos RovingGrade Asbestos Content, mass %Commercial 75 up to but excluding 80Underwriters 80 up to but excluding 85A 85 up to but excluding 90AA 90 up to but excluding 95AAA 95 up to but excluding 99AAAA 99 to 100 in
33、clusiveD 375 95 (2004)e12specimen of the sample shows no progressive change in massof more than 0.1 % after an exposure of 0.5 h.13. Test MethodsROVING NUMBER (CUT)13.1 ScopeThis test method covers the determination ofthe cut number of asbestos roving.13.2 Significance and UseThe cut is the dimensio
34、n ofasbestos roving that is of primary importance since it indicatesits specific length per unit mass. It is used to establish thesuitability of a roving for a particular application.13.3 HazardsWarningsee 1.2.13.4 Procedure:13.4.1 Determine the linear density of plain or reinforcedasbestos roving a
35、s directed in 13.4.2 and 13.4.4. Calculate theroving number as in 3.3.1.13.4.2 Nonreinforced RovingDetermine the linear densityof conditioned nonreinforced roving as follows: Cut four 1 60.01-m (16 0.01-yd) lengths from each of the five packages.Combine and weigh the specimen of 20 m (20 yd) to then
36、earest 0.5 g and calculate the number of metres per kilogram(yards per pound) using Eq 1:Y 5 20/Wor Y 5 20!/W (1)where:Y = metres per kilogram (yards per pound), andW = mass of the 20-m (20-yd) specimen in kilograms(pounds).13.4.3 Repeat the procedure in 13.4.2 on four additional20-m (20-yd) specime
37、ns taken from the same five packages.Calculate the average metres per kilogram (yards per pound) ofthe five specimens.13.4.4 Reinforced RovingsReinforcing strands are to beincluded in the mass of the roving in determining the lineardensity. Calculate the metres per kilogram (yards per pound) asdirec
38、ted in 13.4.2.13.4.5 Repeat the procedure in 13.4.4 on four additional20-m (20-yd) specimens taken from the same five packages.Calculate the average metres per kilogram (yards per pound) ofthe five specimens.13.4.6 Metallic Reinforced RovingMetallic reinforcingstrands are not to be included in the m
39、ass of the roving indetermining the linear density. Prepare the 20-m (20-yd)specimen as directed in 13.4.2 and weigh to the nearest 0.5 g.Separate and weigh the total metallic reinforcement to thenearest 0.5 g. Calculate the number of metres per kilogram(yards per pound) using Eq 2:Y 5 20/M 2 R!or Y
40、 5 20/M 2 R (2)where:Y = metres per kilogram (yards per pound),M = total mass of the 20-m (20-yd) specimen in kilograms(pound), andR = mass of metallic reinforcement in kilograms (pound).13.4.7 Repeat the procedure in 13.4.6 on four additional20-m (20-yd) specimens taken from the same five packages.
41、Calculate the average metres per kilogram (yards per pound) ofthe five specimens.13.5 Precision and BiasSee Section 14.TENSILE (BREAKING) STRENGTH (BREAKING LOAD)13.6 ScopeThis test method covers the determination ofthe tensile (breaking) strength (or breaking load) of asbestosroving.13.7 Significan
42、ce and UseThe tensile strength determina-tion provides an evaluation of the degree to which individualfibers in the roving are meshed together and a measure of thecohesive strength of the roving. It may be used to determine thesuitability of reinforced roving for specific applications.13.8 Apparatus
43、See 13.10.1.1.13.9 HazardsRefer to 13.3.13.10 Procedure:13.10.1 Nonreinforced RovingIt is not industry practice toconduct tensile (breaking) strength tests on this material.13.10.1.1 ApparatusUse a constant-rate-of traverse-typetensile testing machine conforming to Specification D 76. Thetensile tes
44、ting machine should have a range within which thecalibration of the load-indicating device is accurate within61.0 % and the breaking load can be read with a precision of62.0 %. Set the full-scale load of the tensile testing machine sothat the estimated load to rupture the specimen falls between 30an
45、d 80 % of full scale.13.10.1.2 Reinforced RovingMake all tests on condi-tioned single strands in the standard atmosphere for testingasbestos. Determine the tensile strength (breaking load) of eachconditioned single strand on a single strand testing machine ofproper capacity with the clamps set 250 m
46、m (10 in.) apart andat a pulling speed of 3006 10 mm (12 6 0.5 in.)/min. Takethree specimens from each package selected as directed inTABLE 2 Requirements for Length per Unit Mass of StandardAsbestos RovingCutNumberNominal Lengthper Unit MassPermissible Variation inAverage Length per Unit Massin a 3
47、0-m (30-yd) skeinm/kg yd/lbAm/kg yd/lbAm/kg yd/lb5-cut 1000 500 681 640 6150 6756-cut 1200 600 697 648 6180 6907-cut 1400 700 6113 656 6210 61508-cut 1600 800 6129 664 6240 61209-cut 1800 900 6145 672 6270 613510-cut 2000 1000 6161 680 6300 615012-cut 2400 1200 6194 696 6360 618014-cut 2800 1400 623
48、0 6112 6420 621016-cut 3200 1600 6260 6128 6480 624018-cut 3600 1800 6290 6144 6540 627020-cut 4000 2000 6320 6160 6600 630022-cut 4400 2200 6350 6176 6670 633024-cut 4800 2400 6390 6192 6730 636026-cut 5200 2600 6420 6208 6790 639028-cut 5600 2800 6450 6224 6850 642030-cut 6000 3000 6480 6240 6910
49、645035-cut 7100 3500 6560 6280 61100 652540-cut 8100 4000 6650 6320 61200 660045-cut 9100 4500 6730 6360 61400 667550-cut 10100 5000 6810 6400 61500 6750ATo determine tex numbers, divide 496050 by yards-per-pound. A tex unit isequal to the mass in grams of 1 km of yarn. See Tables D2260 and Practice D 861.D 375 95 (2004)e13Section 11, and report the average tensile breaking load perpackage. Take care to avoid loss of twist in reinforcing strandsduring the test. Use a holding device of the
