1、Designation: D420 18Standard Guide forSite Characterization for Engineering Design andConstruction Purposes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D420; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONSite characterization for engineering design and construction purposes involves both simple andcomplex techniques that may
3、be accomplished by many different procedures and may be variouslyinterpreted. These studies are frequently site specific and are influenced by geological andgeographical settings, by the purpose of the site characterization, by design requirements for theproject proposed, and by the background, trai
4、ning, and experience of the staff involved.This document is a guide to the selection of the various ASTM standards that are available for theexploration of soil, rock, and groundwater for projects that involve surface and/or subsurfaceconstruction, or both. It is intended to improve consistency of p
5、ractice and to encourage rationalplanning of a site characterization program. Since the subsurface conditions at a particular site areusually the result of a combination of natural, geologic, topographic, and climatic factors, and ofhistorical modifications both natural and manmade, an adequate and
6、internally consistent explorationprogram will allow evaluation of the results of these influences.1. Scope*1.1 This guide refers to ASTM methods to perform sitecharacterization for engineering, design, and construction pur-poses. The objective of the site characterization should be toidentify and lo
7、cate, both horizontally and vertically, significantsoil and rock types and groundwater conditions present withina given site area and to establish the characteristics of thesubsurface materials by sampling or in situ testing, or both.1.2 Laboratory testing of soil, rock, and groundwatersamples is sp
8、ecified by otherASTM standards not listed herein.Subsurface exploration for environmental purposes is alsooutside the scope of this guide.1.3 Prior to commencement of the site characterization thesite should be checked for potentially hazardous or otherwisecontaminated materials or cultural/archeolo
9、gical conditions. Ifevidence of unknown potentially hazardous or otherwise con-taminated materials or conditions are encountered in the courseof the site characterization, work shall be interrupted until thecircumstances have been evaluated and revised instructionsissued.1.3.1 In addition the locati
10、on and nature of underground andoverhead utilities should be identified to ensure that there is noimpact to the proposed site characterization. Impacts mayinclude but are not limited to interference with geophysicalmethods, damaging utilities, creating an unsafe workcondition, and limiting accessibi
11、lity for exploratory equipment.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded as the standard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each systemshall be used independently of the other. Combining valuesfrom the two systems may result
12、 in non-conformance with thestandard. Inch-pound units are provided in brackets for conve-nience.1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of informationor a series of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action. This document cannot replace education orexperience and should be use
13、d in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in allcircumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy ofa given professional service must be judged, nor should thisdocument be applied wi
14、thout consideration of a projects manyunique aspects. The word“ Standard” in the title of thisdocument means only that the document has been approvedthrough the ASTM consensus process.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the1
15、This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.01 on Surface and SubsurfaceCharacterization.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2018. Published March 2018. Originallypublished as D420 65T. Last previous edition approved in
16、2003 asD420 93(2003), which was withdrawn January 2012 and reinstated February2018. DOI: 10.1520/D0420_D0420M-18.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis inte
17、rnational standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Co
18、mmittee.1responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding
19、 established inPractice D6026.1.8 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as theindustry standard. In addition, they are representative of thesignificant digits that generally should be retained. The proce-dures used do not consider
20、 material variation, purpose forobtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-ations for the users objectives; and it is common practice toincrease or reduce significant digits of reported data to becommensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scopeof this standard to cons
21、ider significant digits used in analysismethods for engineering design.1.9 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom
22、-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C119 Terminology Relating to Dimension StoneC294 Descriptive Nomenclature for Constituents of Con-crete AggregatesD75/D75M Practice for Sampling AggregatesD653 Ter
23、minology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD1195/D1195M Test Method for Repetitive Static PlateLoad Tests of Soils and Flexible Pavement Components,for Use in Evaluation and Design of Airport and HighwayPavementsD1196/D1196M Test Method for Nonrepetitive Static PlateLoad Tests of Soils and
24、Flexible Pavement Components,for Use in Evaluation and Design of Airport and HighwayPavementsD1452/D1452M Practice for Soil Exploration and Samplingby Auger BoringsD1586 Test Method for Standard Penetration Test (SPT) andSplit-Barrel Sampling of SoilsD1587/D1587M Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampli
25、ng ofFine-Grained Soils for Geotechnical PurposesD2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling ofRock for Site ExplorationD2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for EngineeringPurposes (Unified Soil Classification System)D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manu
26、al Procedures)D2573/D2573M Test Method for Field Vane Shear Test inSaturated Fine-Grained SoilsD3213 Practices for Handling, Storing, and Preparing SoftIntact Marine SoilD3282 Practice for Classification of Soils and Soil-Aggregate Mixtures for Highway Construction PurposesD3385 Test Method for Infi
27、ltration Rate of Soils in FieldUsing Double-Ring InfiltrometerD3404 Guide for Measuring Matric Potential in VadoseZone Using TensiometersD3550/D3550M Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, SplitBarrel, Drive Sampling of SoilsD4044/D4044M Test Method for (Field Procedure) for In-stantaneous Change in H
28、ead (Slug) Tests for DeterminingHydraulic Properties of AquifersD4050 Test Method for (Field Procedure) for Withdrawaland Injection Well Testing for Determining HydraulicProperties of Aquifer SystemsD4083 Practice for Description of Frozen Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure)D4220/D4220M Practices for Pr
29、eserving and TransportingSoil SamplesD4394 Test Method for Determining In Situ Modulus ofDeformation of Rock Mass Using Rigid Plate LoadingMethodD4395 Test Method for Determining In Situ Modulus ofDeformation of Rock Mass Using Flexible Plate LoadingMethodD4403 Practice for Extensometers Used in Roc
30、kD4428/D4428M Test Methods for Crosshole Seismic Test-ingD4429 Test Method for CBR (California Bearing Ratio) ofSoils in Place (Withdrawn 2018)3D4452 Practice for X-Ray Radiography of Soil SamplesD4506 Test Method for Determining In Situ Modulus ofDeformation of Rock Mass Using Radial Jacking TestD4
31、544 Practice for Estimating Peat Deposit ThicknessD4553 Test Method for Determining In Situ Creep Charac-teristics of Rock (Withdrawn 2017)3D4554 Test Method for In Situ Determination of DirectShear Strength of Rock DiscontinuitiesD4555 Test Method for Determining Deformability andStrength of Weak R
32、ock by an In Situ Uniaxial Compres-sive TestD4623 Test Method for Determination of In Situ Stress inRock Mass by Overcoring MethodThree ComponentBorehole Deformation GaugeD4630 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity andStorage Coefficient of Low-Permeability Rocks by In SituMeasurements Using th
33、e Constant Head Injection Test(Withdrawn 2017)3D4631 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity andStorativity of Low Permeability Rocks by In Situ Mea-surements Using Pressure Pulse Technique (Withdrawn2017)3D4633 Test Method for Energy Measurement for DynamicPenetrometers2For referenced ASTM stand
34、ards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.D42
35、0 182D4645 Test Method for Determination of In-Situ Stress inRock Using Hydraulic Fracturing Method (Withdrawn2017)3D4700 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose ZoneD4719 Test Methods for Prebored Pressuremeter Testing inSoils (Withdrawn 2016)3D4729 Test Method for In Situ Stress and Modulus ofDefo
36、rmation Using Flatjack Method (Withdrawn 2017)3D4840 Guide for Sample Chain-of-Custody ProceduresD4879 Guide for Geotechnical Mapping of Large Under-ground Openings in Rock (Withdrawn 2017)3D4971 Test Method for Determining In Situ Modulus ofDeformation of Rock Using Diametrically Loaded 76-mm(3-in.
37、) Borehole JackD5079 Practices for Preserving and Transporting Rock CoreSamples (Withdrawn 2017)3D5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field EquipmentUsed at Waste SitesD5092/D5092M Practice for Design and Installation ofGroundwater Monitoring WellsD5093 Test Method for Field Measurement of Infiltra
38、tionRate Using Double-Ring Infiltrometer with Sealed-InnerRingD5126 Guide for Comparison of Field Methods for Deter-mining Hydraulic Conductivity in Vadose ZoneD5195 Test Method for Density of Soil and Rock In-Place atDepths Below Surface by Nuclear MethodsD5731 Test Method for Determination of the
39、Point LoadStrength Index of Rock and Application to Rock StrengthClassificationsD5753 Guide for Planning and Conducting GeotechnicalBorehole Geophysical LoggingD5776 Test Method for Bromine Index of Aromatic Hydro-carbons by Electrometric TitrationD5777 Guide for Using the Seismic Refraction Method
40、forSubsurface InvestigationD5778 Test Method for Electronic Friction Cone and Piezo-cone Penetration Testing of SoilsD5878 Guides for Using Rock-Mass Classification Systemsfor Engineering PurposesD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in GeotechnicalDataD6032/D6032M Test Method for Determining
41、Rock QualityDesignation (RQD) of Rock CoreD6151/D6151M Practice for Using Hollow-StemAugers forGeotechnical Exploration and Soil SamplingD6169/D6169M Guide for Selection of Soil and Rock Sam-pling Devices Used With Drill Rigs for EnvironmentalInvestigationsD6282/D6282M Guide for Direct Push Soil Sam
42、pling forEnvironmental Site CharacterizationsD6286 Guide for Selection of Drilling Methods for Environ-mental Site CharacterizationD6391 Test Method for Field Measurement of HydraulicConductivity Using Borehole InfiltrationD6429 Guide for Selecting Surface Geophysical MethodsD6430 Guide for Using th
43、e Gravity Method for SubsurfaceSite CharacterizationD6431 Guide for Using the Direct Current ResistivityMethod for Subsurface InvestigationD6432 Guide for Using the Surface Ground PenetratingRadar Method for Subsurface InvestigationD6635 Test Method for Performing the Flat Plate Dilatom-eterD6914/D6
44、914M Practice for Sonic Drilling for Site Charac-terization and the Installation of Subsurface MonitoringDevicesD7015 Practices for Obtaining Intact Block (Cubical andCylindrical) Samples of SoilsD7046 Guide for Use of the Metal Detection Method forSubsurface ExplorationD7128 Guide for Using the Sei
45、smic-Reflection Method forShallow Subsurface InvestigationD7400 Test Methods for Downhole Seismic TestingE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsG51 Test Method for Measuring pH of Soil for Use inCorrosion TestingG57 Test Method for Field Measurement of Soil Resistiv
46、ityUsing the Wenner Four-Electrode MethodIEEE/ASTM SI-10 American National Standard for MetricPractice3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of common technical terms used in thisstandard, refer to Terminology D653.4. Significance and Use4.1 An adequate site characterization will provid
47、e pertinentinformation for decision making on one or more of thefollowing subjects:4.1.1 Location of the structure, both vertically andhorizontally, within the area of the proposed construction andselection of construction methods and equipment.4.1.2 Location and preliminary evaluation of suitable b
48、or-row and other local sources of construction aggregates.4.1.3 Need for special excavating and dewatering tech-niques with the corresponding need for information, even ifonly approximate, on the distribution of soil water content orpore pressure, or both, and on the piezometric heads andapparent pe
49、rmeability (hydraulic conductivity) of the varioussubsurface strata.4.1.4 Evaluation of slope stability in natural slopes, cuts,and embankments.4.1.5 Conceptual selection of embankment types and hy-draulic barrier requirements.4.1.6 Conceptual selection of alternate foundation types andelevations of the corresponding suitable bearing strata.4.1.7 Development of additional detailed site characteriza-tions for specific structures or facilities.4.2 The site characterization may require the collection ofsufficiently large soil and rock samples of such quality as toallow adequate te
