1、Designation: D 440 07Standard Test Method ofDrop Shatter Test for Coal1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 440; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses in
2、dicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method of drop shatter test2covers the deter-mination of the relative size stability and its complement, thefriability, of sized coal. It affords a
3、means of indicating theability of coal to withstand breakage when subjected tohandling at the mine and during transit to the consumer. Thetest method is serviceable for ascertaining the similarity ofcoals in respect to size stability and friability rather than fordetermining values within narrow lim
4、its in order to emphasizetheir dissimilarity. This test method is considered applicable fortesting a selected single size of different coals, for testingdifferent single sizes of the same coal, and for mixed sizes ofthe same or different coals.NOTE 1By single sizes is meant those with fixed upper an
5、d lowersieve opening limits, selected from those designated in 4.2; and by mixedsizes is meant either “slack” or a mixture of two or more single sizes.1.2 This test method appears best suited for measuring therelative resistance to breakage of the larger sizes of coal whenhandled in thin layers such
6、 as from loader to mine car, fromloading boom to railroad car, from shovel to chute, etc. Whileit may not be so well adapted for measuring the liability tobreakage of coal when handled in mass, as in unloadingopen-bottom cars, emptying bins, etc., it is believed that thetest method will serve also t
7、o indicate the relative size stabilityof composite sizes of coal where, in commercial handling, thesmaller sized pieces have a cushioning effect which tends tolessen the breakage of the larger pieces of coal.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units shall be regardedas the standard. Mass may be expr
8、essed in metric values.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior
9、 to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D 3038 Test Method for Drop Shatter Test for CokeD 4749 Test Method for Performing the Sieve Analysis ofCoal and Designating Coal SizeE11 Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for TestingPurposesE 323 Specification for Perforated-Plate Sieves for
10、TestingPurposes3. Significance and Use3.1 The values determined in this test method, when evalu-ated in terms of pertinent experience with other coals, may beused as indications of the extent to which coal will break inconventional transit and handling beyond the point of sam-pling.4. Apparatus4.1 S
11、hatter Test Machine, which is the same as that de-scribed and illustrated in Test Method D 3038, shall consist ofa box 18 in. (457 mm) in width, 28 in. (711 mm) in length, andapproximately 15 in. (381 mm) in depth, supported above arigidly mounted cast iron or steel plate not less than12 in. (12.7mm
12、) in thickness, 38 in. (965 mm) in width, and 48 in. (1219mm) in length. The inside of the bottom of the box shall be 6ft (1.83 m) above the plate. The bottom of the box shall consistof two doors hinged lengthwise and latched so that they willswing open freely and not impede the fall of the coal. Bo
13、ardsabout 8 in. (200 mm) in height should be placed around theplate so that no coal is lost. To prevent the breakage of coal,which may occur while placing the sample into the box, thebox shall be constructed so that it can be lowered to a1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
14、D05 on Coaland Coke and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D05.07 on PhysicalCharacteristics of Coal.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2007. Published October 2007. Originallypublished in 1937. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 440 86 (2002) .2For information concerning the develo
15、pment and utilization of this drop shattertest method for coal the following references may be consulted:Smith, C. M., “An Investigation of the Friability of Different Coals,” Universityof Illinois, Engineering Experiment Station, Bulletin No. 196 UIBBA (1929); “TheFriability of Illinois Coals,” Uni
16、versity of Illinois, Engineering Experiment Station,Bulletin No. 218 UIBBA (1930).Yancey, H. F., and Zane, R. E., “Comparison of Methods for Determining theFriability of Coal,” U.S. Bureau of Mines, Report of Investigations 3215 (1933).Gilmore, R. E., Nicolls, J. H. H., and Connell, G. P., “Coal Fri
17、ability Tests,”Canadian Department of Mines, Mines Branch, No. 762 (1935).3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe
18、ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.convenient level; this is best done by means of a pulley andcounterweight. A convenient form of shatter test machine isshown in Fig. 1.4.2 SievesRound-hole sieves selected
19、from the followingsizes, 8, 6, 4, 3, 2, 112 ,1,34 ,12 ,14 , and18 in., shall be used.These sieves shall conform to Specification E11or Specifica-tion E 323. Frames for the sieves may be of either hardwood ormetal, and may be square, rectangular, or circular. A nestcomprising all the sieves in the se
20、ries, with 2-ft (610-mm)square plates, that is, of 4-ft2(0.37-m2) area, is recommended,although plates with areas of 6 to 9 ft2(0.56 to 0.84 m2), aresuitable.5. Samples5.1 Collection of Gross SampleCollect the gross samplein accordance with Sections 5 thru 7 of Method D 4749.Inorder that the entire
21、quantity of the coal sampled will berepresented proportionately in the gross sample, collect incre-ments regularly and systematically. When testing coal asmined, take the sample at the mine before it is subjected toscreening and to loading into cars at the tipple. When testingcoals subsequent to min
22、ing, the sample may be taken at anystage in the transportation from the mine to the place at whichit is to be used. For the correct interpretation of the shatter testresults, note the elapsed time since mining as well as a recordof the handling and storage of the coal.5.2 Preparation of Laboratory S
23、ample:5.2.1 Using the sieves designated in 4.2, make a preliminarysieving of a representative portion or all of the gross sampleand retain the sieved sizes separately. Sieve successive repre-sentative portions of the gross sample to obtain at least 200 lb(90 kg) of the single size selected for test.
24、 While the size orNOTE 11 in. = 25.4 mmFIG. 1 Shatter Test MachineD440072sizes to be selected for test are optional in this method, one ormore of the sizes larger than 2 to 3 in. (50 to 75 mm) aresuggested with preference for the 4 to 6-in. (100 to 150-mm)size (Note 2). In cases where difficulty is
25、experienced insieving this quantity, the amount obtained by the preliminarysieving may be augmented from larger pieces by droppingthem in the shatter test apparatus. This procedure for obtainingfrom larger pieces an adequate quantity of a particular sizeselected for test is especially applicable to
26、freshly mined coal.NOTE 2In the 1937 edition of this test method, the 2 to 3-in. (50 to75-mm) single size was recommended as standard for testing.5.2.2 Thoroughly mix the total quantity of the single sizeselected for test obtained as described in 5.2.1 and then resieveit to pass the upper limiting s
27、ieve opening and to be retained onthe lower. Place only a thin layer of coal on the sieve so as toallow the pieces to be in direct contact with the sieve openings.Try individual pieces of coal not passing readily through eitherof the screens by hand to determine whether they will passthrough the ope
28、nings in any position without forcing.5.2.3 For slack coals and mixed sizes, carefully prepare thesample either by the process of quartering or by reassemblingthe different sizes in the proportion obtained in the preliminarysieving of the lot of coal to be tested. For slack coals in whichthe largest
29、 pieces will not be retained on a sieve with34-in.(19-mm) openings, quartering is satisfactory; while for largersized slack coals and for blends of two or more single sizes, thereassembling method is recommended. Before dropping, sievethe samples prepared by quartering on the same set of sievesselec
30、ted for the dropped coal.6. Procedure6.1 Give a 50-lb (23-kg) portion of the coal sample,prepared in accordance with Section 5, two drops. Place thecoal into the box of the shatter test machine, level it, and thendrop it a distance of 6 ft (1.8 m) onto the plate. Carefully returnall the coal on the
31、plate to the box and again drop it. After thesecond drop, separate the material into sized portions using thesieves specified in 4.2. In sieving, care shall be taken to preventfurther breakage of the coal. The sieving shall be carried out insuch small increments as to permit satisfactory contact bet
32、weenthe individual pieces of coal and the sieve. On the larger sieves,down to and including the sieve with 1-in. (25.0-mm) openingsindividual pieces of coal not readily passing through the sievesshall be tried by hand to determine whether they will passthrough the openings in any position without fo
33、rcing. Whenusing the sieves with34-in. (19.0-mm) openings and smaller,the coal shall come into intimate contact with the sieve eitherby shaking or rolling by hand without upending the individualpieces.6.2 Weigh the coal remaining on each sieve, and that whichpasses through the bottom sieve either se
34、parately or in acumulative manner on a scale sensitive to14 lb (100 g) or less.By the cumulative method, weigh the largest pieces into a taredcontainer and add each successive smaller size to this. Weighthe total amount after each addition.6.2.1 If the final net weight so obtained shows a loss of ov
35、er1 %, reject the test and make another. In each case where theloss is less than 1%, it shall be considered as material passingthe12 in. (12.5 mm) or other bottom sieve used, and shall beincluded with this size.6.2.2 Make at least two tests to obtain size stability resultsagreeing within 2 %. When t
36、hree or more tests are consideredadvisable and are made, all the results within a maximum tominimum limit of 3 % may be averaged.7. Calculation7.1 Determine the weight percents of the material prior toand again after the test. Calculate to the nearest 0.1 % (See6.2.1 for rejection criteria and the m
37、ethod for handling materialloss).7.2 Multiply the appropriate weight percents by their re-spective average sieve size openings (See Table 1).7.2.1 The sum of these products before testing is designatedas S. The sum of these products after testing is designated as s.TABLE 1 General Form for Reporting
38、 Data and CalculationsRound-Hole Sieves, in. (mm) Weight, %Average of SieveOpenings, in.Product of Weight Percentage and of Avg.Sieve OpeningsRetained on Passing Before Test After Test Before Test After Test8 (.)6 (.) 8 (.) . . 7.000 . .4 (100) 6 (.) . . 5.000 . .3 (75) 4 (100) . . 3.500 . .2 (50) 3
39、 (75) . . 2.500 . .112 (37.5) 2 (50) . . 1.750 . .1 (25.0) 112 (37.5) . . 1.250 . .34 (19.0) 1 (25.0) . . 0.875 . .12 (12.5)34 (19.0) . . 0.625 . .14 (6.3)12 (12.5) . . 0.375 . .18 (3.35)14 (6.3) . . 0.185 . .18 (3.35) . . 0.060 . .Total passing38 (9.5)Total passing14 (6.3).0.1850.125.Average size o
40、f coal before and after test (two drops), in.Total, S.Total, s.Size stability, % = (100 3 s)/S = .(Friability, % = 100 size stability)D4400737.3 The size stability is calculated as a percent by dividings by S and multiplying by 100 % (See Table 1). The friabilityis expressed as 100 % minus the size
41、stability, that is, the sizestability and the friability sum to 100 %.7.3.1 Calculate the size stability and the friability to thenearest 0.5 %.8. Report8.1 Report the percentage weight sieve analysis to thenearest 0.1 %, and the percentage size stability to the nearest0.5 % (See 6.2.2).8.2 Numerica
42、l examples of tabulating the results and ofcalculating the size stability in percent and the friability inpercent are shown in Table 1 and Table 2. The form shown inTable 1 is general and serviceable for both single and mixedsizes. The form in Table 2 , in which the example shown is fora 4 to 6-in.
43、(100 to 150-mm) size, is serviceable for other singlesizes. The sieve with12-in. openings is suggested as the bottomsieve for testing single sizes, 2 to 3 in. (50 to 75 mm) andlarger. For smaller single sizes, slack coals, and mixed sizescontaining slack, two additional (bottom) sieves, with14 and18
44、-in. (6.3 and 3.35-mm) openings, are recommended.9. Precision and Bias9.1 Data for repeatibility and reproducibility do not exist butare being determined.9.2 This is an empirical test method and no statement of biasis possible.10. Keywords10.1 breakage; coal; coal handling; drop shatter; friability;
45、size stabilityASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of su
46、ch rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for addi
47、tional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to th
48、e ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the
49、 aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).TABLE 2 Form and Example for Reporting Data and Calculations for a Selected Single SizeRound-Hole Sieves,in. (mm)Weight Re-corded, lb (kg)Weight,%(1)Average of SieveOpeningsProduct of(1) 3 (2)Retained on Passing InchesNormalizingFactor (2)SAMPLE4 (100) 6 (.) 50 (22.7) 100.0 5.000 1 100.00 = SDROPPED COAL4 (100) 6 (.) 2414 (11.0) 48.5 5.000 1 48.5003 (75) 4 (100) 712 (3.2) 15.0 3.500 0.7 10.5002 (50) 3 (75) 612 (
