1、Designation: D558 11Standard Test Methods forMoisture-Density (Unit Weight) Relations of Soil-CementMixtures1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D558; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods cover the determinati
3、on of therelationship between the water content and the density ofsoil-cement mixtures when compacted before cement hydra-tion as prescribed.1.2 A130-ft3(944-cm3) mold and a 5.50-lbf (24.5-N or massof 2.49-kg) rammer dropped from a height of 12.0 in. (30.5 cm)are used and two methods, depending on s
4、oil gradation, arecovered, as follows:SectionsTest Method A, using soil material passing a No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve.This method shall be used when 100 % of the soil sample passes theNo. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve 7Test Method B, using soil material passing a34-in. (19.0-mm) sieve.This method shall be used when
5、part of the soil sample is retained onthe No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve. This test method may be used only on ma-terials with 30 % or less retained on the34-in. (19.0-mm) sieve81.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPractice D6
6、026.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard, except as noted below. The values given inparentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that areprovided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used
7、when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound(lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for massis slugs.1.4.2 The slug unit of mass is almost never used incommercial practice (density, scales, balances, etc.). Therefore,the standard unit for mass in this standard is e
8、ither kilogram(kg) or gram (g) or both. Also, the equivalent inch-pound unit(slug) is not given.1.4.3 It is common practice in the engineering/constructionprofession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unitof mass (lbm) and of force (lbf). This implicitly combines twoseparate systems of u
9、nits; that is, the absolute system and thegravitational system. It is scientifically undesirable to combinethe use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a singlestandard. As stated in 1.4.2, this standard includes the gravita-tional system of inch-pound units and does not use/present thesl
10、ug unit for mass. However, the use of balances or scalesrecording pounds of mass (lbm) or recording density in lbm/ft3shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsi
11、bility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C150 Specification for Portland CementC595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsD559 Test
12、 Methods for Wetting and Drying CompactedSoil-Cement MixturesD560 Test Methods for Freezing and Thawing CompactedSoil-Cement MixturesD653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/f
13、t3(600kN-m/m3)D2168 Practices for Calibration of Laboratory Mechanical-Rammer Soil CompactorsD2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Wa-ter (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock
14、asUsed in Engineering Design and ConstructionD4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and SpecifyingBalances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, andConstruction Materials Testing1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soiland Rock and are the direct responsibilit
15、y of Subcommittee D18.15 on StabilizationWith Admixtures.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2011. Published February 2011. Originallyapproved in 1938. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D55803. DOI:10.1520/D0558-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact
16、ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Con
17、shohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in GeotechnicalDataE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and TestSievesE145 Specification for Gravity-Convection and Forced-Ventilation Ovens3. Terminology3.1 For common definitions of terms used in this
18、standard,refer to Terminology D653.4. Significance and Use4.1 These tests determine the optimum water content andmaximum density (unit weight) to be used for moldingsoil-cement specimens in accordance with Test Methods D559and D560.NOTE 1Since these tests are used in conjunction with Test MethodsD55
19、9 and D560 and the criteria referenced therein, the test differs inseveral aspects from Test Method D698. There are three main differencesbetween this standard and Test Method D698. Firstly, this standard allowsa maximum particle size of34-in. (19.0 mm) for a 4-in. (101.6-mm) moldwhile Test Method D
20、698 allows a maximum particle size of38-in.(9.5-mm) for the same size mold. Secondly, this standard permits thematerial leftover after the water content specimen has been obtained to bemixed with the rest of the sample and reused for the next determination.Test Method D698 does not permit the materi
21、al to be reused. Thirdly, thisstandard allows the material that is retained on the34-in. (19.0-mm) andpassing the 3-in. (75-mm) to be discarded (scalping technique) andreplaced with an equal mass of material that passes the34-in. (19.0-mm)sieve and is retained on the No.4 (4.75-mm) sieve. Test Metho
22、d D698 doesnot permit the scalp and replacement technique.NOTE 2The quality of the result produced by this standard isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D3740 are generally co
23、nsidered capable of competentand objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard arecautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assurereliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.5
24、. Apparatus5.1 MoldA cylindrical metal mold having a volume of1306 0.00040 ft3(944 6 11 cm3) with an internal diameter of 4.06 0.016 in. (101.60 6 0.41 mm) and conforming to Fig. 1 topermit preparing compacted specimens of soil-cement mix-tures of this size. The mold shall be provided with a detacha
25、blecollar assembly approximately 212-in. (63.5 mm) in height.The mold may be of the split type consisting of two half-roundsections or section of pipe with one side split perpendicular tothe pipe circumference and that can be securely locked in placeto form a closed cylinder having the dimensions de
26、scribedabove. The mold and collar assembly shall be so constructedthat it can be fastened firmly to a detachable base (Fig. 1).5.2 RammerA rammer, either manually operated as de-scribed further in 5.2.1 or mechanically operated as describedin 5.2.2. The rammer shall fall freely through a distance of
27、12.00 6 0.05 in. (304.8 6 1 mm) from the surface of thespecimen. The weight of the rammer shall be 5.50 6 0.02 lbf(24.47 6 0.09 N, or mass of 2.495 6 0.023 kg), except that theweight of the mechanical rammers may be adjusted as de-scribed in Practices D2168 (See Note 3). The striking face ofthe ramm
28、er shall be planar and circular, except as noted in5.2.2, with a diameter when new of 2.000 6 0.005 in. (50.806 0.13 mm). The rammer shall be replaced if the striking facebecomes worn or bellied to the extent that the diameter exceeds2.000 6 0.01 in. (50.80 6 0.25 mm).NOTE 3It is a common and accept
29、able practice to determine theweight of the rammer using either a kilogram or pound balance andassume 1 lbf is equivalent to 0.4536 kg, 1 lbf is equivalent to 1 lbm, or 1N is equivalent to 0.2248 lbf or 0.1020 kg.5.2.1 Manual RammerThe rammer shall be equippedwith a guide sleeve that has sufficient
30、clearance that the freefall of the rammer shaft and head is not restricted. The guidesleeve shall have at least four vent holes at each end (eightholes total) located with centers34 6116 in. (19.0 6 2 mm)from each end and spaced 90 degrees apart. The minimumdiameter of the vent holes shall be38 in.
31、(9.5 mm). Additionalholes or slots may be incorporated in the guide sleeve.5.2.2 Mechanical Rammer-Circular FaceThe rammershall operate mechanically in such a manner as to provideuniform and complete coverage of the specimen surface. Thereshall be 0.10 6 0.03 in. (2.5 6 0.8mm) clearance between ther
32、ammer and the inside surface of the mold at its smallestdiameter. The mechanical rammer shall meet thestandardization/calibration requirements of Practices D2168.The mechanical rammer shall be equipped with a positivemechanical means to support the rammer when not in opera-tion.5.2.3 Mechanical Ramm
33、er-Sector Face (See Note 4)When used with the 6 in. (152.4 mm) mold, a sector facerammer may be used in place of the circular face rammer. Theuse of a sector face rammer should be noted in the test report.The specimen contact face shall have the shape of a sector ofa circle of radius equal to 2.90 6
34、 0.02 in. (73.7 6 0.5 mm). Therammer shall operate in such a manner that the vertex of thesector is positioned at the center of the specimen.NOTE 4The sector face rammer shall not be used to compact testspecimens in accordance with Test Methods D559 and D560, unlessprevious tests on like soils show
35、strength and resistance to wetting-and-drying and freezing-and-thawing of specimens compacted with thisrammer are similar to that of specimens compacted with the circular facerammer.5.3 Sample ExtruderA jack, lever frame, or other deviceadapted for the purpose of extruding compacted specimensfrom th
36、e mold. Not required when a split-type mold is used.5.4 BalancesA balance or scale conforming to the re-quirements of Class GP5 with a readability of 1g in Specifi-cation D4753, except that a Class GP2 balance of 0.1greadability is required for water content determination.5.5 Drying OvenThermostatic
37、ally controlled, preferablyof the forced-draft type, meeting the requirements of Specifi-cation E145 and capable of maintaining a uniform temperatureof 230 6 9F(1106 5 C) throughout the drying chamber.5.6 StraightedgeA stiff steel straightedge of any conve-nient length but not less than 10-in. (254-
38、mm). The total lengthof the straightedge shall be machined straight to a tolerance of6 0.005-in. (6 0.1-mm). The scraping edge shall be beveled ifit is thicker than18-in. (3-mm).D558 1125.7 Sieves3-in. (75-mm),34-in. (19.0-mm), and No. 4(4.75-mm) sieves conforming to the requirements of Specifi-cati
39、on E11.5.8 Mixing ToolsMiscellaneous tools such as mixing pan,spoon, trowel, and spatula, or a suitable mechanical device forthoroughly mixing the sample of soil with cement and withincrements of water.5.9 ContainerAflat, round pan for moisture absorption bysoil-cement mixtures, about 12 in. (305 mm
40、) in diameter and 2in. (50 mm) deep.5.10 Water Content CansSuitable containers made ofmaterial resistant to corrosion and change in mass uponrepeated heating, cooling, exposure to materials of varying pH,and cleaning. Unless a desiccator is used, containers with closeMetric Equivalentsin. mm0.016 0.
41、410.026 0.66132 0.80116 1.618 3.214 6.41132 8.738 9.512 12.758 15.92 50.8212 63.54 101.6414 108.0412 114.34.584 116.436 152.4612 165.18 203.2ft3cm1300.00494411113.3330.0009212425NOTE 1(a)The tolerance on the height is governed by the allowable volume and diameter tolerances.NOTE 2(b)The methods show
42、n for attaching the extension collar to the mold and the mold to the base plate are recommended. However, othermethods are acceptable, providing the attachments are equally as rigid as those shown.FIG. 1 Cylindrical MoldD558 113fitting lids shall be used for testing specimens having a mass ofabout 2
43、00 g; while for specimens having a mass greater thanabout 200g, containers without lids may be used. One containeris needed for each water content determination.5.11 Butcher KnifeA butcher knife approximately 10 in.(250 mm) in length for trimming the top of the specimens.6. Calibration6.1 Perform ca
44、librations before initial use, after repairs orother occurrences that might affect the test results, at intervalsnot exceeding 1,000 test specimens, or annually, whicheveroccurs first, for the following apparatus:6.1.1 BalanceEvaluate in accordance with SpecificationD3740.6.1.2 MoldsDetermine the vo
45、lume as described in D698,Annex 1.6.1.3 Manual RammerVerify the free fall distance, ram-mer mass, and rammer force in accordance with 5.2. Verify thesleeve requirements in accordance with 5.2.1.6.1.4 Mechanical RammerCalibrate and adjust the me-chanical rammer in accordance with Practices D2168.7. T
46、est Method A, Using Soil Material Passing a No. 4(4.75-mm) Sieve7.1 Sample:7.1.1 Prepare the sample for testing by breaking up the soilaggregations to pass the No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve in such amanner as to avoid reducing the natural size of the individualparticles. When necessary, first dry the sample
47、 until it is friableunder a trowel. Drying may be accomplished by air drying orby the use of drying apparatus such that the temperature of thesample does not exceed 140 F (60 C).7.1.2 Select a representative sample, having a mass ofapproximately 6.0 lbm (2.7 kg) or more, of the soil prepared asdescr
48、ibed in 7.1.1.7.2 Procedure:7.2.1 Add to the soil the required amount of cementconforming to Specification C150 or Specification C595. Mixthe cement and soil thoroughly to a uniform color.7.2.2 When needed, add sufficient potable water to dampenthe mixture to approximately four to six percentage poi
49、ntsbelow the estimated optimum water content and mix thor-oughly. At this water content, plastic soils, tightly squeezed inthe palm of the hand, will form a cast that will fracture withonly slight pressure applied by the thumb and fingertips;nonplastic soils will bulk noticeably.7.2.3 When the soil is a clayey material, compact themixture of soil, cement, and water in the container to a depthof about 2 in. (50 mm) using the rammer described in 5.2 or asimilar hand tamper. Cover, and allow to stand for not less than5 min but
