1、Designation: D8 18Standard Terminology Relating toMaterials for Roads and Pavements1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in pare
2、ntheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This standard incorporates generic terms and genericdefinitions of terms specifically associated with road andpaving materials. These generic terms a
3、nd definitions are usedwithin the standards developed by Committee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials.1.2 Only terms that appear in more than one standard underthe jurisdiction of Committee D04 will be included in Termi-nology D8.1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with interna
4、tionally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D242/D2
5、42M Specification for Mineral Filler For Bitumi-nous Paving MixturesD2026/D2026M Specification for Cutback Asphalt (Slow-Curing Type)D2027/D2027M Specification for Cutback Asphalt(Medium-Curing Type)D2028/D2028M Specification for Cutback Asphalt (Rapid-Curing Type)D3142/D3142M Test Method for Specif
6、ic Gravity, APIGravity, or Density of Cutback Asphalts by HydrometerMethodD4124 Test Method for Separation of Asphalt into FourFractionsD4552 Practice for Classifying Hot-Mix Recycling AgentsD5505 Practice for Classifying Emulsified RecyclingAgentsD5821 Test Method for Determining the Percentage ofF
7、ractured Particles in Coarse AggregateD6995 Test Method for Determining Field VMA based onthe Maximum Specific Gravity of the Mix (Gmm)3. Terminologyaggregate, na granular material used as a constructionmaterial, meeting the requirements of road and pavingapplications.DISCUSSIONExamples of aggregate
8、 include sand, gravel, shell, slag,and crushed stone. See coarse aggregate and fine aggregate for moreinformation.air voids (Pa), nthe volume of air between the asphalt-coated aggregate particles throughout a compacted asphaltmix, expressed as a percent of the total volume of thesample.DISCUSSIONA v
9、ariable previously used for this term was Va.anionic emulsion, na type of emulsion such that a particularemulsifying agent establishes a predominance of negativecharges on the discontinuous phase.API gravity, na function of specific gravity represented bythe equation in Test Method D3142/D3142M.DISC
10、USSIONA specific gravity scale developed by the AmericanPetroleum Institute (API) used to compare how heavy or light apetroleum liquid is compared to water.asphalt, nA dark brown to black cement-like residuumobtained from the distillation of suitable crude oils.DISCUSSIONThe distillation processes m
11、ay involve one or more ofthe following: atmospheric distillation, vacuum distillation, steamdistillation. Further processing of distillation residuum may be neededto yield a material whose physical properties are suitable for commer-cial applications. These additional processes can involve air oxida
12、tion,solvent stripping or blending of residua of different stiffness character-istics. In Europe asphalt is called bitumen.asphalt binder, nasphalt which may or may not contain anasphalt modifier (see asphalt modifier).DISCUSSIONthis term is often used in the Performance GradedBinder system.asphalt
13、cement, nSee asphalt.asphalt concrete, nSee asphalt mix.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.91 onTerminology.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2018. Published February 2018. Originallyapprov
14、ed in 1912. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as D8 17c. DOI:10.1520/D0008-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary pa
15、ge onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for t
16、heDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1asphalt mix (asphalt mixture), na mixture of asphaltbinder, emulsified asphalt, or cutback asphalt and aggre-gates. The mixture may also include ot
17、her materials.asphalt pavement, na structure consisting of one or moreprepared layers of asphalt mix atop one or more supportinglayers of unbound, modified, or treated subgrade, subbase orbase materials.asphalt-rubber, na blend of asphalt cement, reclaimed tirerubber, and certain additives in which
18、the rubber componentis at least 15 % by weight of the total blend and has reactedin the hot asphalt cement sufficiently to cause swelling of therubber particles.asphaltenes, ninsoluble materials that are precipitated byuse of selected solvents, such as n-heptane.DISCUSSIONThe asphaltene fraction sho
19、uld be identified by thesolvent and solvent-asphalt ratio used.bank gravel, ngravel found in natural deposits, usually moreor less intermixed with fine material, such as sand or clay, orcombinations thereof; gravelly clay, gravelly sand, clayeygravel, and sandy gravel indicate the varying proportion
20、s ofthe materials in the mixture.bitumen, ndark brown to black cement-like residuum ob-tained from the distillation of suitable crude oils.DISCUSSIONThe distillation processes may involve one or more ofthe following: atmospheric distillation, vacuum distillation, steamdistillation. Further processin
21、g of distillation residuum may be neededto yield a material whose physical properties are suitable for commer-cial applications. These additional processes can involve air oxidation,solvent stripping or blending of residua of different stiffness character-istics. In North America bitumen is called a
22、sphalt.bituminous, adjcontaining or treated with bitumen (alsobituminized).DISCUSSIONExamples: bituminous concrete, bituminized felts andfabrics, bituminous pavement.bituminous emulsion, n(1) a suspension of minute globulesof bituminous material in water or in an aqueous solution,(2) a suspension of
23、 minute globules of water or of anaqueous solution in a liquid bituminous material.blast-furnace slag, nthe nonmetallic product, consistingessentially of silicates and alumino-silicates of calcium andother bases, that is developed in a molten condition simul-taneously with iron in a blast furnace.DI
24、SCUSSIONDepending on the way of cooling of the liquid slag, itcan be distinguished between crystalline air-cooled blast furnace(ACBF) slag and glassy granulated blast furnace (GBF) slag.bulk density, nthe ratio of the mass of a material to thevolume it occupies.DISCUSSIONAnother common phrase for th
25、is term is unit weight.bulk specific gravity, nthe ratio of the mass of a givenvolume of material, including the impermeable and perme-able voids, to the mass of an equal volume of water at aspecified temperature.DISCUSSIONThis term is also sometimes referred to as relativedensity.cationic emulsion,
26、 na type of emulsion such that a particularemulsifying agent establishes a predominance of positivecharges on the discontinuous phase.cleanability, nthe ability of a raised retroreflective marker tokeep its optical surfaces clean under traffic and environmen-tal conditions.clinker, ngenerally a fuse
27、d or partly fused by-product of thecombustion of coal, but also including lava and portland-cement clinker, and partly vitrified slag and brick.coal tar, na dark brown to black cementitious materialproduced by the destructive distillation of bituminous coal.coarse aggregate, n(1) aggregate predomina
28、ntly retained onthe 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve: or (2) the portion of aggregateretained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve.DISCUSSIONThe definitions are alternatives to be applied underdiffering circumstances. Definition (1) is applied to an entire aggregateeither in a natural condition or after processing. De
29、finition (2) is appliedto a portion of an aggregate. Requirements for properties and gradingshould be stated in the specification. Some specifying agencies usealternative sieve sizes to define coarse aggregate, such as the No. 8 and38 in.coke-oven tar, ncoal tar produced in by-product coke ovensin t
30、he manufacture of coke from bituminous coal.crack filler, nbituminous material used to fill and seal cracksin existing pavements.crusher-run, nthe total unscreened product of a stonecrusher.cutback asphalt, nasphalt binder which has been blendedwith hydrocarbon distillates.DISCUSSIONSlow-curing mate
31、rials may be made and are oftenreferred to as road oils. See Specifications D2026/D2026M, D2027/D2027M, and D2028/D2028M.dense-graded aggregate, nan aggregate that has a particlesize distribution such that when it is compacted, the resultingvoids between the aggregate particles, expressed as a per-c
32、entage of the total space occupied by the material, arerelatively small.dust binder, na light application of bituminous material forthe express purpose of laying and bonding loose dust.fine aggregate, n(1) aggregate predominately passing the4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve or (2) the portion of aggregatepassin
33、g the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve.DISCUSSIONThe definitions are alternatives to be applied underdiffering circumstances. Definition (1) is applied to an entire aggregateeither in a natural condition or after processing. Definition (2) is appliedto a portion of an aggregate. Requirements for properties and
34、 gradingshould be stated in the specifications. Some specifying agencies usealternative sieve sizes to define fine aggregate, such as the 2.36-mm(No. 8) and 9.50-mm (38-in.) sieve.fog seal, na light application of bituminous material to anexisting pavement as a seal to inhibit raveling, or to seal t
35、hesurface, or both. Medium and slow-setting bituminous emul-sions are usually used and may be diluted with water.D8182fractured face, nan angular, rough, or broken surface of anaggregate particle created by crushing, by other artificialmeans, or by nature.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D5821 for more inf
36、ormation.“free-carbon” in tars, nthe hydrocarbon fraction that isprecipitated from a tar by dilution with carbon disulfide orbenzene.gas-house coal tar, ncoal tar produced in gas-house retortsin the manufacture of illuminating gas from bituminous coal.lab mix lab compacted (LMLC) asphalt mixture, na
37、sphaltmix samples that are prepared in the laboratory by weighingand blending each constituent then compacting the blendedmixture using a laboratory compaction apparatus.DISCUSSIONLMLC specimens are typically produced during theasphalt mixture design phase. See also plant mix laboratory compacted(PM
38、LC) asphalt mixture and reheated plant mix lab compacted(RPMLC) asphalt mixture.macadam, dry-bound and water bound, na pavementlayer containing essentially one-size coarse aggregatechoked in place with an application of screenings or sand;water is applied to the choke material for water-boundmacadam
39、. Multiple layers must be used.maintenance mix, na mixture of bituminous material andmineral aggregate applied at ambient temperature for use inpatching holes, depressions, and distress areas in existingpavements using appropriate hand or mechanical methods inplacing and compacting the mix. These mi
40、xes may bedesigned for immediate use or for use out of a stockpile at alater time without further processing.maltenes, na red-brown to black heavy oil material remain-ing after precipitation of asphaltenes from asphalt binderwith selected solvents.maximum size (of aggregate), nin specifications for,
41、 ordescriptions of aggregate, the smallest sieve opening throughwhich the entire amount of aggregate is required to pass.mesh, nthe square opening of a sieve.mineral filler, nfinely divided mineral matter such as rockdust, slag dust, hydrated lime, hydraulic cement, fly ash,loess, or other material
42、predominantly passing the 75-m(No. 200) sieve.DISCUSSIONSee Specification D242/D242M for a description ofsuitable materials to be used as mineral filler.mixed-in-place (road mix), na bituminous surface or basecourse produced by mixing mineral aggregate and cut-backasphalt, bituminous emulsion, or ta
43、r at the job-site by meansof travel plants, motor graders, drags, or special road-mixingequipment. Open or dense-graded aggregates, sand, andsandy soil may be used.mulch treatment, na spray application of bituminous mate-rial used to temporarily stabilize a recently seeded area. Thebituminous materi
44、al can be applied to the soil or to straw orhay mulch as a tie-down, also.native asphalt, nasphalt occurring as such in nature.nominal maximum size (of aggregate), nin specificationsfor, or descriptions of aggregate, the smallest sieve openingthrough which the entire amount of the aggregate is permi
45、t-ted to pass.DISCUSSIONSpecifications on aggregates usually stipulate a sieveopening through which all of the aggregate may, but need not, pass sothat a stated maximum proportion of the aggregate may be retained onthat sieve. A sieve opening so designated is the nominal maximum size.normal temperat
46、ure, nas applied to laboratory observationsof the physical characteristics of bituminous materials, 25C(77F).oil-gas tars, ntars produced by cracking oil vapors at hightemperatures in the manufacture of oil gas.penetration, nthe consistency of a bituminous materialexpressed as the distance in tenths
47、 of a millimetre (0.1 mm)that a standard needle penetrates vertically a sample of thematerial under specified conditions of loading, time, andtemperature.penetration macadam, na pavement layer containing essen-tially one-size coarse aggregate, penetrated in place by aheavy application of bituminous
48、material, followed by anapplication of a smaller size coarse aggregate, and com-pacted. Multiple layers containing still smaller coarse aggre-gate may be used.pitches, nblack or dark-brown solid cementitious materialswhich gradually liquefy when heated and which are obtainedas residua in the partial
49、 evaporation or fractional distillationof tar.plant mix, cold-laid, na mixture of cut-back asphalt, bitu-minous emulsion, or tar and mineral aggregate prepared in acentral bituminous mixing plant and spread and compactedat the job-site when the mixture is at or near ambienttemperature.plant mix, hot-laid bituminous emulsion mixtures, namixture of emulsion and heated mineral aggregate usuallyprepared in a conventional asphalt plant or drum mixer andspread and compacted at the job site at a temperature aboveamb
