1、Designation: D 824 94 (Reapproved 2002)An American National StandardStandard Test Method forRate of Absorption of Water by Bibulous Papers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 824; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the cas
2、e of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the rate atwhich an unsized and absorbent pap
3、er will absorb water bymeasuring the time required for the paper to absorb completelya specified quantity of water (1-4).21.2 This test method is not intended for sized papers orthose having an absorption time of over 120 s. Such papersshould be tested in accordance with Test Method D 779 or ISO535.
4、1.3 For ink absorption of blotting paper, see Test MethodD 2177.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the appli
5、ca-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 585 Practice for Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot ofPaper, Paperboard, Fiberboard, and Related Product3D 685 Practice for Conditioning Paper and Paper Productsfor Testing3D 779 Test Method for Water Resis
6、tance of Paper, Paper-board, and Other Sheet Materials by the Dry-IndicatorMethod3D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water4D 2177 Test Method for Ink Absorption of Blotting Paper3E 122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,with a Specified Tolerable Error, the Average for a Char-acteristic
7、of a Lot or Process52.2 Other Standard:ISO 535 Paper and BoardWater Absorption (Cobb Test)63. Summary of Test Method3.1 A measured drop of water is placed on the paper and thetime to disappearance of the shine from the wet area isdetermined.4. Significance and Use4.1 The rate of water absorption is
8、an extremely importantproperty of most sanitary products such as paper toweling andtissues.5. Apparatus5.1 Drop-Measuring Device, for Delivery of 1-mL and0.1-mL drops, with 1-mL capacity or more, for example,measuring pipet (5), buret, or hypodermic syringe graduated indivisions of 0.01 mL.5.2 Drop-
9、Measuring Device, for Delivery of 0.01-mL drops,for example, microburet (6), or syringe-style pipet, graduatedin divisions of 0.001 mL.5.3 Specimen SupportA nonabsorbent horizontal squaresurface, approximately 100 mm on a side and having at itscenter a hole approximately 40 mm in diameter.NOTE 1For
10、a multi-ply specimen it may be necessary to modify thesupporting surface by bending up two opposite edges to form a cylindricaltrench. The curvature of the cylinder should be such that, when thespecimen is held in place in the trench (for example, with weights near theends), water applied to the top
11、 ply will cause it to expand downward andpush against the underlying plies, wetting them as in normal use of thematerial.5.4 TimerStopwatch or electric timer readable to 0.2 s orbetter.5.5 Light Source, to reflect from the surface of unabsorbedwater on the specimen, and situated far enough away so t
12、hat itsheat will not influence the absorption time; for example, a1.5-V flashlight bulb, shaded from the eyes, placed about 200mm above the end and to the rear of the support, and operatedby a D-cell battery or bell transformer.6. Test Liquid6.1 Reagent Water, of Type II or better as defined inSpeci
13、fication D 1193.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D06 on Paperand Paper Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D06.92 on TestMethods.Current edition approved Oct. 15, 1994. Published December 1994. Originallypublished as D 824 45 T. Discontinued 1984 an
14、d reinstated 1986. Last previousedition D 824 86 (1990).This test method is related to TAPPI T 432 om-82, with which it is technicallyidentical.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.09.4Annual Book of AS
15、TM Standards, Vol 11.01.5Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.6Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.7. Sampling7
16、.1 Sample the paper in accordance with Practice D 585.7.2 Where sampling is for other than acceptance testing,Practice E 122 may be used as an alternative.8. Test Specimens8.1 From each test unit of the sample select, so as to berepresentative of the unit, 10 test specimens, each approxi-mately 100
17、by 100 mm. When the material to be tested is to beused as a multi-ply unit (as, for example, a triple-ply embossednapkin), cut and test multi-ply specimens; otherwise, cutsingle-ply specimens.9. Conditioning9.1 Condition and test the specimens in the atmosphericconditions in accordance with Practice
18、 D 685.10. Procedure10.1 In the following procedure, use test volumes of water,as follows:Class Volume, mLBlotting 1.0Toweling 0.1Tissues and napkins 0.0110.2 Place a test specimen on the horizontal support (modi-fied as in Note 1 in 5.3 when necessary), centering the paperover the 40-mm hole. Make
19、sure that there is a clear space ofat least 10 mm beneath the center area of the paper. Do notstretch or in any way distort the test specimen, as this maychange the results of the test. Fill the appropriate measuringapparatus with distilled or deionized water at 23 6 2C.10.2.1 For the 1.0-mL drop, h
20、old the measuring device at anangle of 30 or 45 to the horizontal with its tip nearly in contactwith the central portion of the paper. Then in6sorless, allowthe specified amount of water to flow onto the specimen,keeping the tip of the apparatus in the drop until delivery iscompleted.10.2.2 For the
21、0.1 or 0.01-mL drop, wipe the tip of theapplicator with a trace of water-repellent grease. Hold the tipvertical, express a volume of 0.1 or 0.01 mL, and apply thedrop directly to the specimen.10.3 Start the timer as soon as the water contacts thespecimen and measure the time for the drop to be compl
22、etelyabsorbed to the nearest 0.2 s or better, as indicated by nofurther visual specular reflection of light (or the moment ofdisappearance of the glossy or shiny area from the wet spot).10.4 Conduct the test where neither heat from the light nora strong current of air might influence the test.10.5 R
23、epeat the procedure on the other nine specimens,making five tests on each side of the paper.10.6 Papers having an absorption time greater than 120 scannot be tested by this test method.11. Report11.1 Report the average absorption time in seconds, to thenearest second if over 10 s, or to the nearest
24、0.1 s if less than10 s. Report each side separately if there is a significantdifference.11.2 Also report the maximum and minimum absorptiontimes.11.3 Report if the modified support (Note 1 in 5.3) is used.12. Precision and Bias12.1 Precision:12.1.1 It is impracticable to give extensive informationre
25、garding the precision of the procedure in this test method, asthe precision is highly dependent upon the manufacturingprocess (whether the paper is wet-creped or dry-creped and thedegree of creping) the type fiber used in the product (chemicalor mechanical fiber, or both), type of chemical treatment
26、following the pulping process, if any, and the design of thetissue product itself (single-ply, double-ply, or triple-ply, andwhether embossed or printed).12.1.2 Repeatability studies on samples of various papertowels gave absorbency values from 2 to 88 s when tested bythe procedure in this test meth
27、od.12.1.3 Repeatability studies on samples of various tissuesgave absorbency values from 5 to 23 s when tested by theprocedure in this test method.12.1.4 The repeatability standard deviation and the 95 %repeatability limits for rate of absorption of water by bibulouspapers for the samples tested in
28、12.1.2 and 12.1.3, bothcalculated as the percentage coefficient of variation (the stan-dard deviation and the 95 % repeatability limit, respectively,divided by the mean value and multiplied by 100) ranged from3 to 11 % and from 10 to 30 %, respectively.12.1.5 The repeatability standard deviation and
29、 the 95 %repeatability limits for rate of absorption of water by blottingpaper based on 100 tests on the same sample having a meanvalue of 41 s were 1.9 and 5.3 s respectively. The respectivecoefficients of variation, calculated as described in 12.1.4 are 5and 14 %, respectively.12.1.6 Reproducibili
30、tyFor the reasons stated in 12.1.1,and the wide range of materials for which reproducibilitystudies might be undertaken, reproducibility studies for thistest method are impracticable. Reproducibility studies shouldbe done if data on the specific materials of interest is required.12.2 BiasThis test m
31、ethod has no bias because the valuefor rate of absorption of water by bibulous papers specified inthis test method is defined only in terms of the specificprocedure required.D 824 94 (2002)2REFERENCES(1) Reed, E. O., “Determining the Absorbency of Paper,” Paper, Vol 21,No. 19, Jan. 16, 1918, p. 14.(
32、2) Carson, F. T., and Worthington, F. V., “New Types of Equipment forTesting Paper,” Paper Trade Journal, Vol 95, No. 16, Oct. 20, 1932, p.59.(3) Carson, F. T., “Testing Paper for Permeability to Liquid,” Paper TradeJournal, Vol 80, No. 10, March 5, 1925, p. 59.(4) Scribner, B. W., “Standards for Pa
33、per Towels,” Circular No. 407,National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1935.(5) Reese, S. W., and Voutz, M. A., “A Water Absorbency Tester Using 0.1cc of Water,” Paper Trade Journal, Vol 100, No. 7, Feb. 14, 1935, p.33.(6) Carson, F. T., “A Microburette for Testing the Absorptiveness of ThinP
34、aper,” Journal of Research, National Institute of Standards andTechnology, Vol 18, No. 1, January 1937, p. 41 (RP 959).ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressl
35、y advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, e
36、ither reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may atte
37、nd. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 824 94 (2002)3
