1、Designation: D 883 08Standard Terminology Relating toPlastics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 883; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates t
2、he year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This terminology covers definitions of technical termsused in the plastics industry.
3、Terms that are generally under-stood or adequately defined in other readily available sourcesare not included.1.2 When a term is used in an ASTM document for whichCommittee D20 is responsible it is included only when judged,after review, by Subcommittee D20.92 to be a generally usableterm.1.3 Defini
4、tions that are identical to those published byanother standards body are identified with the abbreviation ofthe name of the organization; for example, IUPAC is theInternational Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.1.4 A definition is a single sentence with additional infor-mation included in discussi
5、on notes. It is reviewed every 5years; the year of last review is appended.1.5 For literature related to plastics terminology, seeAppen-dix X1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 162 Terminology of Glass and Glass ProductsD 638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of PlasticsD 747 Test Method
6、 for Apparent Bending Modulus ofPlastics by Means of a Cantilever BeamD 790 Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforcedand Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating MaterialsD 882 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin PlasticSheetingD 907 Terminology of AdhesivesD 1003 Test Method
7、for Haze and Luminous Transmittanceof Transparent PlasticsD 1566 Terminology Relating to RubberD 4703 Practice for Compression Molding ThermoplasticMaterials into Test Specimens, Plaques, or SheetsE 308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects byUsing the CIE System3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:
8、A-stage, nan early stage in the preparation of certainthermosetting resins in which the material is still soluble incertain liquids, and may be liquid or capable of becomingliquid upon heating.DISCUSSIONSometimes referred to as Resol. (See also B-stage andC-stage.) (1978)3acetal plastics, nplastics
9、based on polymers having apredominance of acetal linkages in the main chain. (See alsopolyoxymethylene.) (1985)acrylic plasticsplastics based on polymers made withacrylic acid or a structural derivative of acrylic acid. (1982)addition polymerizationpolymerization in which mono-mers are linked togeth
10、er without the splitting off of water orother simple molecules. (1983)adiabatic extrusiona method of extrusion in which, afterthe extrusion apparatus has been heated sufficiently byconventional means to plastify the material, the extrusionprocess can be continued with the sole source of heat beingth
11、e conversion of the drive energy, through viscous resis-tance of the plastic mass in the extruder. (1978)aging, n(1) the effect on materials of exposure to anenvironment for an interval of time. (2) the process ofexposing materials to an environment for an interval of time.(1973)alkyd plasticsplasti
12、cs based on alkyd resins. (1980)alkyd resina polyester convertible into a crosslinked form;requiring a reactant of functionality higher than two, orhaving double bonds. (1982)alloy, n (in plastics)two or more immiscible polymersunited, usually by another component, to form a plastic resinhaving enha
13、nced performance properties.allyl plasticsplastics based on allyl resins. (1978)allyl resina resin made by polymerization of chemicalcompounds containing the allyl group. (1978)1This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D20 on Plasticsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommitte
14、e D20.92 on Terminology.Current edition approved March 1, 2008. Published March 2008. Originallyapproved in 1946. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D 883 - 07.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual
15、Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Date indicates year of introduction or latest review or revision.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C
16、700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.amino plastics, nplastics based on amino resins. (1978)amino resin, na resin made by polycondensation of acompound containing amino groups, such as urea ormelamine, with an aldehyde, such as formaldehyde, or analdehyde-yielding material. (1985)app
17、arent densitySee density, apparent.aromatic polyester, na polyester derived from monomers inwhich all the hydroxyl and carboxyl groups are linkeddirectly to aromatic nuclei. (1986)artificial weatheringexposure to laboratory conditions,which may be cyclic, involving changes in temperature,relative hu
18、midity, radiant energy, and any other elementsfound in the atmosphere in various geographical areas.DISCUSSIONThe laboratory exposure conditions are usually inten-sified beyond those encountered in actual outdoor exposure in anattempt to achieve an accelerated effect. (1980)average injection velocit
19、y, nthe mean value of the velocityof the molten plastic flow front within a cavity during theinjection time that is calculated from the shot volume andinjection time.DISCUSSIONThe average injection velocity is calculated as follows:Vav5Vsti3 Ac3 nwhere:Vav= average injection velocity, mm/s,Vs= shot
20、volume, mm3,ti= injection time, s,Ac= cross section of the cavity, mm2, andn = number of cavities.This calculation is valid for molds containing a single cavity or those containingidentical multi-specimen cavities only and not for family molds.B-stage, nan intermediate stage in the reaction of certa
21、inthermosetting resins in which the material swells when incontact with certain liquids and softens when heated, butmay not entirely dissolve or fuse.DISCUSSIONThe resin in an uncured thermosetting molding com-pound is usually, in this stage, sometimes referred to as Resitol. (Seealso A-stage and C-
22、stage.) (1978)bag modelinga method of molding or laminating whichinvolves the application of fluid pressure, usually by meansof air, steam, water or vacuum, to a flexible barrier materialwhich transmits the pressure to the material being molded orbonded.DISCUSSIONThe process is usually employed for
23、forming shapesfrom preformed laminates comprising a fibrous sheet impregnated withan A-stage or a B-stage thermosetting resin. (1986)binder, nin a reinforced plastic, the continuous phase whichholds together the reinforcement.DISCUSSIONDuring fabrication, the binder, which may be eitherthermoplastic
24、 or thermoset, usually undergoes a change in state. (1978)biodegradable plastic, nSee degradable plastic.blister, nan imperfection, a rounded elevation of the surfaceof a plastic, with boundaries that may be more or less sharplydefined, somewhat resembling in shape a blister on thehuman skin. (1983)
25、block copolymeran essentially linear copolymer in whichthere are repeated sequences of polymeric segments ofdifferent chemical structure. (1982)blocking, nunintentional adhesion between plastic films orbetween a film and another surface. (1983)bloom, na visible exudation or efflorescence on the surf
26、aceof a material. (1972)blowing agenta compounding ingredient used to producegas by chemical or thermal action, or both, in manufacture ofhollow or cellular articles. (1983)blow moldinga method of fabrication in which a heatedparison is forced into the shape of a mold cavity by internalgas pressure.
27、 (1985)branched polyethylene plastics, nthose containing signifi-cant amounts of both short-chain and long-chain branchingand having densities in the 0.910 to 0.940 g/cm3range.DISCUSSIONThese plastics, usually produced commercially by freeradical polymerization, are subcategorized by density level;
28、low densitypolyethylene plastic and medium density polyethylene plastic.bulk density, nthe weight per unit volume of a looselypacked material, such as a molding powder or pellets.DISCUSSIONThis term should not be used synonymously withapparent density.bulk factor, nthe ratio of the volume of a given
29、 mass ofmolding material to its volume in the molded form.DISCUSSIONThe bulk factor is also equal to the ratio of the densityof the material to its apparent density in the unmolded form. (ISO)(1982)bulk molding compound (BMC), na putty-like mixture ofany thermosetting resin containing fillers, fiber
30、 reinforce-ments, catalysts and thickening agents, or thermoplasticpolymers, often extruded into logs or ropes.DISCUSSIONBMC is suitable for molding by any one of threematched-metal-mold processescompression molding, transfer mold-ing, or injection molding. (1983)butylene plasticsplastics based on r
31、esins made by thepolymerization of butene or copolymerization of butene withone or more unsaturated compounds, the butene being ingreatest amount by weight. (1975)C-stage, nthe final stage in the reaction of certain thermo-setting materials in which they have become practicallyinsoluble and infusibl
32、e.DISCUSSIONThe resin in a fully cured thermoset molding is, in thisstage, sometimes referred to as Resite. (See also A-stage and B-stage.)(1986)cast filma film made by depositing a layer of plastic, eithermolten, in solution, or in a dispersion, onto a surface,solidifying and removing the film from
33、 the surface. (1982)cavity, nin specimen preparation, the part of the hollowspace of a mold that forms one specimen.cell, na small cavity surrounded partially or completely bywalls. (1983)cell, closeda cell totally enclosed by its walls and hence notinterconnecting with other cells. (ISO) (See cell
34、and cell,open.) (1983)D883082cell, opena cell not totally enclosed by its walls and henceinterconnecting with other cells. (See cell and cell, closed.)(1983)cellular plastica plastic containing numerous cells, inten-tionally introduced, interconnecting or not, distributedthroughout the mass. (See al
35、so syntactic cellular plastics.)(1983)cellular striation, na condition characterized by a layerwithin a cellular material that differs greatly from thecharacteristic cell structure.cellulosic plastics, nplastics based on cellulose compounds,such as esters (cellulose acetate) and ethers (ethyl cellul
36、ose).(1985)chalking, n(plastics) a powdery residue on the surface of amaterial resulting from degradation or migration of aningredient, or both.DISCUSSIONChalking may be designed-in characteristic. (1980)chemically foamed polymeric materiala cellular materialin which the cells are formed by gases ge
37、nerated fromthermal decomposition or other chemical reaction. (1982)chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride)a poly(vinyl chloride)(PVC) polymer modified by additional chlorination. (2000)chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) plasticsplastics based onchlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) in which the chlorinatedpoly(v
38、inyl chloride) is in the greatest amount by weight.(1978)chlorofluorocarbon plasticsplastics based on polymersmade with monomers composed of chlorine, fluorine, andcarbon only. (ISO) (1983)chlorofluorohydrocarbon plastics, nplastics based on poly-mers made with monomers composed of chlorine, fluorin
39、e,hydrogen, and carbon only. (ISO) (1982)circuitin filament winding, the winding produced by a singlerevolution of mandrel or form. (1978)closed-cell cellular plasticscellular plastics in which almostall the cells are noninterconnecting. (1983)cold flowSee creep. (1983)cold moldinga special process
40、of compression molding inwhich the molding is formed at room temperature andsubsequently baked at elevated temperatures. (1982)collapse, ninadvertent densification of cellular material dur-ing manufacture resulting from breakdown of cell structure.(1982)composite, na solid product consisting of two
41、or moredistinct phases, including a binding material (matrix) and aparticulate or fibrous material.DISCUSSIONExamples are moulding material containing reinforcingfibers, particulate fillers, or hollow spheres. (1991)compostthe product of postable plastica plastic that undergoes biological deg-radati
42、on during composting to yield carbon dioxide, water,inorganic compounds, and biomass at a rate consistent withother known compostable materials and leaves no visuallydistinguishable or toxic residues. (1996)compound, nan intimate admixture of (a) polymer(s) withall the materials necessary for the fi
43、nished product. (1983)compression moldingthe method of molding a materialalready in a confined cavity by applying pressure and usuallyheat. (1986)condensation polymera polymer made by condensationpolymerization. (1983)condensation polymerizationpolymerization in whichmonomers are linked together wit
44、h the splitting off of wateror other simple molecules. (1983)contact pressure molding, na method of molding or lami-nating in which the pressure, usually less than 70 kPa (10psi), is only slightly more than necessary to hold thematerials together during the molding operation. (1985)cooling time, nin
45、 molding, the time interval from the start offorward screw movement until the mold starts to open.copolymerSee polymer. (1983)copolymerizationSee polymerization. (1983)crater, na small, shallow surface imperfection. (1978)crazing, napparent fine cracks at or under the surface of aplastic.DISCUSSIONT
46、he crazed areas are composed of polymeric materialof lower density than the surrounding matrix. (1978)creep, nthe time-dependent part of strain resulting fromstress. (1983)cross laminatea laminate in which some of the layers ofmaterial are oriented approximately at right angles to theremaining layer
47、s with respect to the grain or strongestdirection in tension. (See also parallel laminate). (1982)crosslinking, nthe formation of a three dimensional polymerby means of interchain reactions resulting in changes inphysical properties. (1983)cross section of the cavity, nin a mold for test specimens,t
48、he area of a planar section perpendicular to the flow patternduring filling of the mold that forms the critical portion ofthe test specimen.cure, vto change the properties of a polymeric system into amore stable, usable condition by the use of heat, radiation, orreaction with chemical additives.DISC
49、USSIONCure may be accomplished, for example, by removal ofsolvent or by crosslinking. (ISO) (1983)cure cyclethe schedule of time periods, at specified condi-tions, to which a reacting thermosetting material is subjectedto reach a specified property level. (1983)cure timethe period of time that a reacting thermosettingmaterial is exposed to specific conditions to reach a specifiedproperty level. (1983)cut-layersas applied to laminated plastics, a condition of thesurface of machined or g
