1、Designation: D2488 09aD2488 17Standard Practice forDescription and Identification of Soils (Visual-ManualProcedure)Procedures)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2488; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisio
2、n, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This practice co
3、vers procedures for the description of soils for engineering purposes.1.2 This practice also describes a procedure for identifying soils, at the option of the user, based on the classification systemdescribed in Test Method D2487. The identification is based on visual examination and manual tests. I
4、t mustshall be clearly statedin reporting an identification that it reporting, the soil identification is based on visual-manual procedures.1.2.1 When precise classification of soils for engineering purposes is required, the procedures prescribedoutlined inTest MethodD2487 shall be used.1.2.2 In thi
5、s practice, the identification portionprocedures assigning a group symbol and name isare limited to soil particlessmaller than 3 in. (75 mm).1.2.3 The identification portion of this practice is limited to naturally occurring soils (either intact or disturbed).soils. Specimensused for identification
6、may be either intact or disturbed.NOTE 1This practice may be used as a descriptive system applied to such materials as shale, claystone, shells, crushed rock, etc. (see Appendix X2).1.3 The descriptive information in this practice may be used with other soil classification systems or for materials o
7、ther thannaturally occurring soils.1.4 UnitsThe values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses aremathematicalrationalized conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. The sievedesignations are iden
8、tified using the “alternative” system in accordance with Practice E11.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the
9、 applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements see Section 8.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, h
10、ealth and environmental practices and determine the applicability ofregulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements see Section 8.1.6 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replaceeducation or experie
11、nce and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may beapplicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which theadequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should th
12、is document be applied without consideration of a projectsmany unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved throughthe ASTM consensus process.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognize
13、d principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soi
14、l and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.07 on Identification andClassification of Soils.Current edition approved June 15, 2009July 15, 2017. Published July 2009August 2017. Originally approved in 1966. Last previous edition approved in 2009 asD2488 09.D2488 09a. DOI: 10.1520/
15、D2488-09A.10.1520/D2488-17.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends t
16、hat users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West
17、 Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained FluidsD1452 Practice for Soil Exploration and Sampling by Auger BoringsD1586 Test Method for Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampling of Soil
18、sD1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Fine-Grained Soils for Geotechnical PurposesD2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling of Rock for Site ExplorationD2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)D3740 Practice for Minim
19、um Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used inEngineering Design and ConstructionD4083 Practice for Description of Frozen Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure)D4427 Classification of Peat Samples by Laboratory TestingE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Siev
20、e Cloth and Test Sieves3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Except as listed below, all definitions are in accordance with Terminology D653.NOTE 2For particles retained on a 3-in. (75-mm) US standard sieve, the following definitions are suggested:Cobblesparticles of rock that will pass a 12-in. (300-
21、mm) square opening and be retained on a 3-in. (75-mm) sieve, andBouldersparticles of rock that will not pass a 12-in. (300-mm) square opening.3.1.2 claysoil passing a No. 200 (75-m) sieve that can be made to exhibit plasticity (putty-like properties) within a range ofwater contents, and that exhibit
22、s considerable strength when air-dry. For classification, a clay is a fine-grained soil, or thefine-grained portion of a soil, with a plasticity index equal to or greater than 4, and the plot of plasticity index versus liquid limitfalls on or above the “A” line (see Fig. 3 of Test Method D2487).3.1.
23、3 gravelparticles of rock that will pass a 3-in. (75-mm) sieve and be retained on a No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve with thefollowing subdivisions:coarsepasses a 3-in. (75-mm) sieve and is retained on a 34-in. (19-mm) sieve.finepasses a 34-in. (19-mm) sieve and is retained on a No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve.3.1.4 org
24、anic claya clay with sufficient organic content to influence the soil properties. For classification, an organic clay isa soil that would be classified as a clay, except that its liquid limit value after oven drying is less than 75 % of its liquid limit valuebefore oven drying.3.1.5 organic silta si
25、lt with sufficient organic content to influence the soil properties. For classification, an organic silt is a soilthat would be classified as a silt except that its liquid limit value after oven drying is less than 75 % of its liquid limit value beforeoven drying.3.1.6 peata soil composed primarily
26、of vegetable tissue in various stages of decomposition usually with an organic odor, adark brown to black color, a spongy consistency, and a texture ranging from fibrous to amorphous.3.1.7 sandparticles of rock that will pass a No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve and be retained on a No. 200 (75-m) sieve with the
27、following subdivisions:coarsepasses a No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve and is retained on a No. 10 (2.00-mm) sieve.mediumpasses a No. 10 (2.00-mm) sieve and is retained on a No. 40 (425-m) sieve.finepasses a No. 40 (425-m) sieve and is retained on a No. 200 (75-m) sieve.3.1.8 siltsoil passing a No. 200 (75-m)
28、sieve that is nonplastic or very slightly plastic and that exhibits little or no strengthwhen air dry. For classification, a silt is a fine-grained soil, or the fine-grained portion of a soil, with a plasticity index less than4, or the plot of plasticity index versus liquid limit falls below the “A”
29、 line (see Fig. 3 of Test Method D2487).3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of common technical terms in this standard, refer to Terminology D653.3.1.2 cobblesparticles of rock that will pass a 12-in. (300-mm) square opening and be retained on a 3-in. (75-mm) sieve.3.1.3 bouldersparticles of rock
30、that will not pass a 12-in. (300-mm) square opening.3.1.4 claysoil passing a No. 200 (75-m) sieve that can be made to exhibit plasticity (putty-like properties) within a range ofwater contents, and that exhibits considerable strength when air-dried. For classification, a clay is a fine-grained soil,
31、 or thefine-grained portion of a soil, with a plasticity index equal to or greater than 4, and the plot of plasticity index versus liquid limitfalls on or above the “A” line (see Fig. 4 of Test Method D2487).3.1.5 gravelparticles of rock that will pass a 3-in. (75-mm) sieve and be retained on a No.
32、4 (4.75-mm) sieve with thefollowing subdivisions:2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.D2488 1723.1
33、.5.1 coarsepasses a 3-in. (75-mm) sieve and is retained on a 34-in. (19-mm) sieve.3.1.5.2 finepasses a 34-in. (19-mm) sieve and is retained on a No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve.3.1.6 organic claya clay with sufficient organic content to influence the soil properties. For classification, an organic clay isa so
34、il that would be classified as a clay, except that its liquid limit value after oven drying is less than 75 % of its liquid limit valuebefore oven drying.3.1.7 organic silta silt with sufficient organic content to influence the soil properties. For classification, an organic silt is a soilthat would
35、 be classified as a silt except that its liquid limit value after oven drying is less than 75 % of its liquid limit value beforeoven drying.3.1.8 peata soil composed primarily of vegetable tissue in various stages of decomposition usually with an organic odor, adark brown to black color, a spongy co
36、nsistency, and a texture ranging from fibrous to amorphous.3.1.9 sandparticles of rock that will pass a No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve and be retained on a No. 200 (75-m) sieve with thefollowing subdivisions:3.1.9.1 coarsepasses a No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve and is retained on a No. 10 (2.00-mm) sieve.3.1.9.2 medi
37、umpasses a No. 10 (2.00-mm) sieve and is retained on a No. 40 (425-m) sieve.3.1.9.3 finepasses a No. 40 (425-m) sieve and is retained on a No. 200 (75-m) sieve.3.1.10 siltsoil passing a No. 200 (75-m) sieve that is nonplastic or very slightly plastic and that exhibits little or no strengthwhen air d
38、ry. For classification, a silt is a fine-grained soil, or the fine-grained portion of a soil, with a plasticity index less than4, or the plot of plasticity index versus liquid limit falls below the “A” line (see Fig. 4 of Test Method D2487).3.1.11 fine-grained soilssoils that are made up of 50 % or
39、more particles that will pass a No. 200 (75 m) sieve.3.1.12 coarse-grained soilssoils that are made up of more than 50 % particles that will be retained on a No. 200 (75 m) sieve.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Using visual examination and simple manual tests, this practice gives standardized criteria and
40、 procedures for describingand identifying soils.4.2 The soil can be given an identification by assigning a group symbol(s) and name. The flow charts, Fig. 1a and Fig. 1b forfine-grained soils, and Fig. 2, for coarse-grained soils, can be used to assign the appropriate group symbol(s) and name. If th
41、e soilhas properties which do not distinctly place it into a specific group, borderline symbols may be used, see Appendix X3.NOTE 3It is suggested that a distinction be made between dual symbols and borderline symbols.Dual SymbolA dual symbol is two symbols separated by a hyphen, for example, GP-GM,
42、 SW-SC, CL-ML used to indicate that the soil has beenidentified as having the properties of a classification in accordance with Test Method D2487 where two symbols are required. Two symbols are requiredwhen the soil has between 5 and 12 % fines or when the liquid limit and plasticity index values pl
43、ot in the CL-ML area of the plasticity chart.Borderline SymbolA borderline symbol is two symbols separated by a slash, for example, CL/CH, GM/SM, CL/ML. A borderline symbol should beused to indicate that the soil has been identified as having properties that do not distinctly place the soil into a s
44、pecific group (see Appendix X3).5. Significance and Use5.1 The descriptive information required in this practice can be used to describe a soil to aid in the evaluation of its significantproperties for engineering use.5.2 The descriptive information required in this practice should be used to supple
45、ment the classification of a soil as determinedby Test Method D2487.5.3 This practice may be used in identifying soils using the classification group symbols and names as prescribed inTest MethodD2487. Since the names and symbols used in this practice to identify the soils are the same as those used
46、 in Test Method D2487,it shall be clearly stated in reports and all other appropriate documents, that the classification symbol and name are based onvisual-manual procedures.5.4 This practice is to be used not only for identification of soils in the field, but also in the office, laboratory, or wher
47、everlaboratory, or any other location where soil samples are inspected and described.5.5 This practice has particular value in groupingmay be used to group similar soil samples so that only a minimum to reducethe number of laboratory tests need be run necessary for positive soil classification.NOTE
48、2The ability to describe and identify soils correctly is learned more readily under the guidance of experienced personnel, but it may also beacquired systematically by comparing numerical laboratory test results for typical soils of each type with their visual and manual characteristics.5.6 When des
49、cribing and identifying soil Soil samples from a given boring, test pit, or group of borings or pits, it is notnecessarypit or location which appear to have similar characteristics are not required to follow all of the procedures in this practicefor every sample. Soils which appear to be similar can be grouped together; one sample practice, providing at least one sampleis completely described and identified with the others referred to as similar based on performing only a few of the descriptive andD2488 173identification
