1、Designation: D 2534 88 (Reapproved 2004)An American National StandardStandard Test Method forCoefficient of Kinetic Friction for Wax Coatings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2534; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the
2、 case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the coef-ficient of kinetic friction for
3、a petroleum wax coating orwax-based hot melt coating when sliding over itself.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and deter
4、mine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 585 Practice for Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot ofPaper, Paperboard, Fiberboard, or Related ProductD 1465 Test Method for Blocking and Picking Points ofPetroleum Wax3. Terminology3.1 Defi
5、nitions:3.2 frictionthe resistance to sliding exhibited by twosurfaces in contact with each other. Basically there are twofrictional properties exhibited by any surface; static frictionand kinetic friction.3.3 kinetic frictionthe force that resists motion when asurface is moving with a uniform veloc
6、ity; it is, therefore,equal and opposite to the force required to maintain sliding ofthe surface with a uniform velocity.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A coated surface under load is pulled at a uniform rateover a second coated surface. The force required to move theload is measured, and the coefficie
7、nt of kinetic friction iscalculated.5. Significance and Use5.1 The coefficient of friction is related to the slip propertiesof many commercial articles that have been coated withpetroleum wax (for example, butter cartons and wax-impregnated or hot melt coated corrugated board).6. Apparatus6.1 Sled A
8、ssembly, as shown in Fig. 1, weighing 180 6 1g,and consisting of the following parts:6.1.1 Brass Block, 25 mm (1 in.) wide by 13 mm (12 in.)thick by 75 mm (3 in.) long,6.1.2 Microscope Slide, cemented to one surface, 25 mm (1in.) by 75 mm (3 in.), and6.1.3 Detachable Handle, using 1.5 mm (116 in.) w
9、eld rod.6.2 Horizontal Plane Assembly and Pulling Device, consist-ing of a metal or wood sheet covered by a smooth, flat piece ofglass approximately 150 by 300 mm (6 by 12 in.). The planeshall be supported by two 250 by 300-mm (10 by 12 in.)diagonal shelf-brackets. A board attached across the bracke
10、tsshall be clamped in the jaws of the lower crosshead of anelectronic load cell-type tension tester. Adjust the assembly sothat the glass surface is level. Attach a low-friction pulley at theedge of the plane with the outer side centered directly beneaththe load cell of the testing machine and the b
11、ottom side levelwith the sled handle. Connect the sled handle to the load cell ofthe tester by a light, flexible metal cable or polyester cordpassing around the pulley.6.3 Low-Friction Pulley, consisting of a pulley mounted inhardened steel cone bearings on a metal fork. The pulleyshould be construc
12、ted from materials having hardness anddurability equivalent to phenolic-type materials.7. Materials7.1 Scissors or Cutter, suitable for cutting waxed specimento the desired dimensions.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the dir
13、ect responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.10 on Properties of Petroleum Wax.Current edition approved May 1, 2004. Published June 2004. Originallyapproved in 1966. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D 253488 (1999).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact AST
14、M Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.7.2 Adhesive Tapes, single-fa
15、ced and double-faced, 13 to 20mm (12 to34 in.) in width.38. Sampling and Test Specimens8.1 Test specimens may be flexible, such as wax-coatedpaper, or rigid, such as wax-coated paperboard or corrugated(Note 1). From each test unit obtained in accordance withPractice D 585:8.1.1 For wax-coated paper,
16、 cut test specimens of two sizes:250 by 130 mm (10 by 5 in.) and 120 by 25 mm (5 by 1 in.).8.1.2 For wax-coated paperboard or corrugated board, cuttest specimens of two sizes: 250 by 130 mm (10 by 5 in.) and75 by 25 mm (3 by 1 in.).NOTE 1For evaluation of wax, it is necessary to prepare test speci-m
17、ens. Test Method D 1465 describes the apparatus used for applying waxto paper, and a method for testing to determine that the correct wax or waxblend has been applied.8.2 The smaller specimen shall be mounted on the sledassembly. If, during the test, this mounted specimen presents asharp leading edg
18、e, it may dig or plow into the surface of thesecond specimen. To avoid this, bevel the leading edge (25-mmdirection) of the specimen to match the bevel on the glass slide(see Fig. 1).8.3 Test three pairs of specimens from each sample of waxand use a fresh pair of surfaces for each test.9. Conditioni
19、ng9.1 Condition the specimens and conduct the test at 23 62C (73 6 3.5F) and 50 6 5 % relative humidity.10. Procedure10.1 Lay down two strips of double-faced adhesive tapealong the length of the plane so that they are approximately 100mm (4 in.) between centers.10.2 Attach the 250 by 130-mm specimen
20、 to the double-faced tape on the horizontal plane.NOTE 2For wax-coated paper, make the attachment so that thespecimen is free of wrinkles.10.2.1 For wax-coated paper, tape the ends of the 120 by 25mm (5 by 1 in.) specimen to the top of the sled, pulling thespecimen tightly across the sliding surface
21、 to eliminatewrinkles.10.2.2 For wax-coated paperboard or corrugated board,place a strip of double-faced tape on the bottom face of thesled. Place the 75 by 25-mm (3 by 1-in.) specimen against thetape, square with the sled and with the bevel-cut edge at thehandle end. The bevel cut on the leading ed
22、ge reduces thepossibility of the sled specimen plowing into the base speci-men.10.3 Set the sled lightly in position at the rear end of the 250by 130-mm (10 by 5-in.) specimen and in line with the pulley.Attach the sled by means of the handle to the cord. This pullingcord passes from the sled handle
23、, underneath and around thepulley vertically to the load cell.10.4 Start the lower crosshead horizontal plane assemblymoving downward at a speed of 900 mm/min (35 in./min).10.5 Record in grams the average reading during the 152mm (6 in.) of travel after the first 13 mm (0.5 in.). After the sledhas t
24、raveled 178 mm (7 in.), stop the apparatus. Return thecrosshead to the starting position.3Double-faced adhesive tape available from 3M Co., Inc. has been foundsatisfactory for this purpose.FIG. 1 Coefficient of Kinetic Friction Sled AssemblyD 2534 88 (2004)211. Calculations11.1 Calculate the coeffic
25、ient of kinetic friction, k,asfollows:k5 A/B (1)where:A = average scale reading for 150 mm (6 in.) of uniformsliding, andB = sled weight, g.12. Report12.1 Report the average of three separate tests as thecoefficient of kinetic friction (k) to two significant figures.13. Precision and Bias13.1 The pr
26、ecision of the method as determined by statisti-cal examination of interlaboratory results is as follows:13.1.1 RepeatabilityThe difference between two test re-sults, obtained by the same operator with the same apparatusunder constant operating conditions on identical test material,would in the long
27、 run, in the normal and correct operation ofthe test method, exceed the following values only in one casein twenty:0.06 kin range from 0 to 1! (2)13.1.2 ReproducibilityThe difference between two singleand independent results obtained by different operators work-ing in different laboratories on ident
28、ical test material would, inthe long run, in the normal and correct operation of the testmethod, exceed the following values only in one case intwenty:0.17 kin range from 0 to 1! (3)13.2 The above precision data were obtained in a round-robin involving nine laboratories on four samples.13.3 BiasThe
29、procedure in this test method has no biasbecause the value of coefficient of kinetic friction can bedefined only in terms of a test method.14. Keywords14.1 coefficient of kinetic friction; kinetic friction; wax;wax coatingsASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent ri
30、ghts asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at an
31、y time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments w
32、ill receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by A
33、STM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 2534 88 (2004)3
