1、Designation: D2595 17Standard Test Method forEvaporation Loss of Lubricating Greases Over Wide-Temperature Range1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2595; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、 last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the de
3、termination of evapora-tion loss of lubricating greases at temperatures between 93 Cand 316 C (200 F and 600 F). This test method is intendedto augment Test Method D972, which is limited to 149 C(300 F).1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values in parentheses ar
4、e for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior
5、 to use. For specific safetyinformation, see 5.2.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by
6、the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A240/A240M Specification for Chromium and Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip for PressureVessels and for General ApplicationsD217 Test Methods for Cone Penetration
7、of LubricatingGreaseD972 Test Method for Evaporation Loss of LubricatingGreases and OilsE2877 Guide for Digital Contact Thermometers3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 lubricating grease, na semi-fluid to solid product ofa thickener in a liquid lubricant.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe dispersion of the thick
8、ener forms atwo-phase system and immobilizes the liquid lubricant bysurface tension and other physical forces. Other ingredients arecommonly included to impart special properties. D2173.1.2 thickener, nin lubricating grease, a substance com-posed of finely divided particles dispersed in a liquid lub
9、ricantto form the products structure.3.1.2.1 DiscussionThe thickener can be fibers (such asvarious metallic soaps) or plates or spheres (such as certainnon-soap thickeners) which are insoluble or, at most, only veryslightly soluble in the liquid lubricant. The general require-ments are that the soli
10、d particles be extremely small, uniformlydispersed, and capable of forming a relatively stable, gel-likestructure with the liquid lubricant. D2174. Summary of Test Method4.1 A weighed sample of grease in an evaporation cell isplaced in a heating device maintained at the desired testtemperature. Heat
11、ed air is passed over the grease surface for22 h 6 0.1 h. The loss in weight of the sample due toevaporation is determined.5. Significance and Use5.1 The loss of volatile materials from greases and oils canadversely affect the original performance characteristics of alubricant and, therefore, could
12、be a significant factor inevaluating a lubricant for a specific use. Such volatiles can alsobe considered contaminants in the environment in which thelubricant is to be used. Correlation between results from thistest method and service performance has not been established.5.2 The test method can be
13、used at any specified tempera-ture between 93 C and 316 C (200 F and 600 F) that maybe agreed upon by the user of the method. (WarningThistest method should not be used at temperatures which exceedthe flash point of the base oil of the grease.)NOTE 1The specified flow of air, 2.58 g min 6 0.02 g min
14、, (2 L min1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.G0.03 on Physical Tests.Current edition approved June 1, 2017. Published July 2017. Originally approvedin 1967. Last prev
15、ious edition approved in 2008 as D2595 96(2008)1, which waswithdrawn January 2017 and reinstated June 2017. DOI: 10.1520/D2595-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume informat
16、ion, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordan
17、ce with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1at standard temperature and pressur
18、e), assumes dry air. It is not known thatthe original work involved dry air but it has since been shown that this canbe a factor in reproducibility and should be addressed. Air with a dewpoint of less than 10 C at standard temperature and pressure will besatisfactory.6. Apparatus6.1 Evaporation Cell
19、 Assembly (Fig. 1) consisting of thefollowing items:6.1.1 Sample Cup, A.6.1.2 Hood, B.6.1.3 Cover and Eduction Tube, CThese items (6.1.1 to6.1.3) shall be constructed from a stainless steel conforming toType 304 of Specification A240/A240M. Design dimensionsand dimensional tolerances shall be as sho
20、wn in Fig. 2 and Fig.3.6.1.4 GasketShall be of a heat-resistant (315 C (600 F)material. A gasket cut from 3.2 mm (18 in.) TFE-fluorocarbonsheet has been found to work successfully.6.1.5 Thermocouple Tube and Supports The tube shall beof stainless steel having an outside diameter of 3.18 mm 60.025 mm
21、 (0.125 in. 6 0.001 in.) and fitted with stainless steelcentering devices as shown in Fig. 1.6.2 Air Supply SystemShall consist of a calibratedflowmeter, filtering device, and accessory valves capable ofdelivering and maintaining a flow of dust-free air at the rate of2.58 gmin 6 0.02 gmin between 15
22、.6 C and 29.4 C (60 Fand 85 F) (2 Lmin at standard temperature and pressure).6.3 Heating DeviceAn aluminum block heater similar tothat shown in Fig. 4 has been found to be satisfactory. Thealuminum block heater found to be satisfactory consists of analuminum block approximately 254 mm (10 in.) wide,
23、 356 mm(14 in.) long, and 203 mm (8 in.) deep. It is completely andadequately insulated on all sides. It is heated by two 650 Wcartridge-type heaters and a 500 W ring-type heater under eachof the two cells as shown in Fig. 2.These were sufficient for thetwo-cell block but if additional evaporation s
24、paces areincluded, additional or larger heaters are required. The heatersshould be of sufficient size so that the block will return to thedesired test temperature within 60 min after insertion of the testsamples. It shall be equipped with sufficient heaters and controlinstruments to maintain the des
25、ired test temperature within1C(62 F).6.4 Digital Contact ThermometersDigital contactthermometers, such as PRTs (platinum resistance thermom-eters) or thermocouples, having a range from 5 C to 400 C(20 F to 760 F) and conforming to the requirements asdescribed in Guide E2877.7. Sampling7.1 Each test
26、will require approximately 20 g to fill thesample cup for a single run. Therefore, the sample presentedfor analysis should be large enough to make possible theFIG. 1 Thermocouple Arrangement SECTION OF GREASE SAMPLE CUP ALL DIMENSIONS 60.0156 in.(60.4 mm) UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIEDFIG. 2 Evaporation
27、 Test CellFIG. 3 Assembled Test Cell in Aluminum Block HeaterD2595 172selection of a representative portion for testing. Examine thesample for any indication of non-homogeneity such as oilseparation, phase changes, or gross contamination. If anyabnormal conditions are found, obtain a new sample.8. P
28、reparation of Apparatus8.1 Clean thoroughly all parts of the evaporation cellassembly.8.2 With Fig. 1 as reference, connect the cover-eductiontube (C) to the hood ( B). Adjust thermocouple tube so that thebottom of the tube is flush with face of hood as shown. Insertthermocouple in tube and adjust s
29、o that tip is flush with bottomedge of tube. Fasten the thermocouple securely in this positionby compressing the top edge of the tube. Remove the tube-thermocouple assembly and disconnect the hood from thecover-eduction tube.8.3 Clean thoroughly all parts of the evaporation cellassembly.8.4 Place th
30、e cover-eduction tube (C) thermocouple assem-bly and gasket in the heating device as shown by Fig. 4. Fastenthe cover securely in position.8.5 Adjust the temperature of the heating device to maintainthe test temperature and control within 61C(62 F). Use thedigital contact thermometer for this observ
31、ation.8.6 Regulate air flow through the assembly to 2.58 gmin 60.02 gmin (2 Lmin at standard temperature and pressure).8.7 By regulating the air preheater, adjust the exit airtemperature to the specified test temperature within 61C(62 F). Use the thermocouple plus a temperature indicator orrecorder
32、for this measurement.8.8 Maintain the temperatures of the heating device and exitair and the air flow rate for at least 0.5 h prior to test.9. Procedure9.1 Weigh the clean grease sample cup and hood to thenearest 0.01 g. Remove the hood and fill the cup with the testgrease taking care to avoid occlu
33、sion of air. Smooth the surfacelevel with the rim of the cup with a straight edge spatula.Remove with a clean cloth any grease which may remain onthe rim or threads of the cup. Thread the hood tightly onto thecup without disturbing the smoothed grease surface. Weigh theassembly and record the net ma
34、ss of the grease sample to thenearest 0.01 g.9.2 Remove the cover, eduction tube, and thermocoupleassembly from the heating device. Thread the weighed andassembled sample cup and hood into the eduction tube. Installthe complete assembly in the heating device. Fasten the coversecurely in position. If
35、 necessary, readjust the temperature andair flow to the levels required.9.3 Maintain the air flow rate at 2.58 gmin 6 0.02 gmin(2 Lmin) and the exit air temperature at the required testtemperature within 61.1 C (62 F) for 22 h 6 0.1 h. The exitair temperature shall be the specified test temperature.
36、FIG. 4 Aluminum Block HeaterD2595 1739.4 At the end of the 22 h period, remove the assembledsample cup and hood from the cell and allow to cool to roomtemperature. Determine the net mass of the sample to thenearest 0.01 g.10. Calculation10.1 Calculate the evaporation loss of the sample as fol-lows:M
37、ass % evaporation loss 5 S 2 W!/S# 3100 (1)where:S = initial mass of sample, g, andW = mass of sample after test, g.11. Precision and Bias11.1 The precision of this test method is not known to havebeen obtained in accordance with currently accepted guidelines(see the Committee D02 Research Report RR
38、:D02-1007,3“Manual on Determining Precision Data for ASTM Methodson Petroleum Products and Lubricants”).11.1.1 RepeatabilityThe difference between two test re-sults obtained by the same operator with the same apparatusunder constant operating conditions on identical test materialwould, in the long r
39、un, in the normal and correct operation ofthe test, exceed the following value only in one case in twenty:10 % of the mean value11.1.2 ReproducibilityThe difference between two singleand independent results obtained by different operators work-ing in different laboratories on identical materials wou
40、ld, in thelong run, exceed the following value only in one case intwenty:15 % of the mean value11.2 BiasBias cannot be determined in this test methodbecause the value of the evaporation loss can be defined onlyin terms of the test method.12. Keywords12.1 evaporation; grease; high temperature; test c
41、ell; vola-tilesSUMMARY OF CHANGESSubcommittee D02.G0 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(D2595 96 (2008)1) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved June 1, 2017.)(1) SI unit formatting updated throughout.(2) Updated Specification E1 to Gui
42、de E2877 in ReferencedDocuments and in subsection 6.4.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent r
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45、ng you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard m
46、ay be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1007. ContactASTM CustomerService at serviceastm.org.D2595 174
