1、Designation: D2646 11D2646 18Standard Test Methods Guide forBacking Fabric Characteristics of Pile Yarn Floor Coverings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2646; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the procedures listed as follows for testing woven, knitted and nonwoven backing fabr
3、ics designedfor use in the manufacture of pile yarn floor coverings. The procedures appear in the following order:SectionBow and Skewness of Woven Fabrics 8Breaking Force of Woven and Nonwoven Fabrics 15Breaking Force After Tufting of Woven and Nonwoven Fabrics 16Extractable Matter 9Fabric Count of
4、Woven Fabrics 12Fabric Count of Knitted Fabrics 13Length of Woven Fabrics 11Mass per Unit Area (Weight) of Woven Fabrics 14ShrinkageHot Wet Method 17ShrinkageHot Dry Method 18Width of Woven Fabrics 101.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parent
5、heses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriat
6、e safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD2257 Test Method for Extractable Matter in TextilesD3773 Test Metho
7、ds for Length of Woven FabricD3774 Test Method for Width of Textile FabricD3775 Test Method for End (Warp) and Pick (Filling) Count of Woven FabricsD3776 Test Methods for Mass Per Unit Area (Weight) of FabricD3882 Test Method for Bow and Skew in Woven and Knitted FabricsD3887 Specification for Toler
8、ance for Knitted Fabrics (Withdrawn 2017)3D5034 Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Grab Test)D5684 Terminology Relating to Pile Floor Coverings3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms relating to Pile Floor Coverings, D13.21, refer to Terminology D5684.1 These tes
9、t methods are This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and areis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.21 on Pile FloorCoverings.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2011Jan. 1, 2018. Published September 2011February 2018. Originally approved in 1967. Last previous e
10、dition approved in 20052011as D2646 05.D2646 11. DOI: 10.1520/D2646-11.10.1520/D2646-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summar
11、y page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not
12、be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Dri
13、ve, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard: backing fabric, carpet, dents per unit width, extractable matter, finished,finished pile yarn floor covering, floor covering, nonwoven fabric, pile, pile yarn floor covering, shr
14、inkage, textile floor covering,tufted fabric, wale, wires per unit width.3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to Terminology D123.4. Summary of Test Methods, General4.1 A summary of the directions prescribed for the determination of specific properties is stated in the appropriat
15、e sections ofspecific test methods.5. Significance and Use5.1 These test methods may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments; however, caution is advised becauseinformation about between interlaboratory precision is incomplete. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.5
16、.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparativetests should be performed to determine if there is statistical bias between them using competent statistical assistance. As aminimum, use test samples for such comparative
17、 tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of materialas the samples that resulted in the disparate results during initial testing, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to eachlaboratory for testing. The test results from the laboratories should be compared using
18、statistical test for unpaired data at aprobability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found either its cause must be found and corrected, or future testresults for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.5.2 These test methods are useful to evaluate qual
19、ity and cost control during the manufacture of pile yarn floor covering.5.3 The significance and uses of particular properties and test methods are discussed in the appropriate sections of the specifiedtest methods.6. Sampling6.1 Lot SampleAs a lot sample for acceptance testing, take at random the n
20、umber of rolls or pieces, as directed in an applicablematerial specification or other agreement between the purchaser and the supplier. Consider the rolls or pieces of material to be theprimary sampling units. In the absence of such agreement, take one roll or piece from the lot to be tested.NOTE 1A
21、n adequate specification or other agreement between the purchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variability between rollsor pieces of floor covering and between specimens from a roll or pieces of floor covering to provide a sampling plan with a meaningful producers risk,consumers
22、 risk, acceptable quality level, and limiting quality level.6.2 Laboratory SampleFor acceptance testing, take a sample from a roll approximately 1.5 yd (1.5 m) long extending thewidth of the material from each roll or piece in the lot, unless otherwise specified in the specific test method. For roll
23、s of floorcovering, take a sample that will exclude fabric from the outer wrap of the roll or the inner wrap around the core.6.3 Test SpecimensFrom each laboratory sampling unit, take three specimens with the longer direction parallel to the machinedirection, unless otherwise specified in the specif
24、ic test method. Consider the long direction as the direction of test.7. Conditioning7.1 Condition the specimens as directed in Practice D1776 D1776in the standard atmosphere for testing textiles, which is 216 1C (70 6 2F) and 65 6 2 % relative humidity, for 24 h or until the specimen mass changes no
25、 more than 0.1 % in 2 h, exceptthe specimens used for the determination of bow and skew (Section 8), width (Section 10), length (Section 11), and fabric count(Section 12), which may be tested without either preconditioning or conditioning. Specimens for the tests listed may be merelyair-dried under
26、prevailing room conditions.NOTE 2Using these conditions may not result in the product obtaining moisture and temperature equilibrium.TEST METHODS8. Bow and Skewness in Woven and Knitted Fabrics8.1 Determine the bow and skewness of backing fabrics for pile yarn floor coverings as directed in Test Met
27、hod D3882.9. Extractable Matter9.1 Determine the extractable matter that was added to the backing fabric for pile yarn floor covering as directed in Test MethodD2257.10. Width of Woven Fabrics10.1 Determine the width of woven backing fabrics for pile yarn floor coverings as directed in Test Methods
28、D3774. The choiceof the test options of measurement in determining width shall be agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier.D2646 18210.2 For knitted fabrics, refer to Test Method D3887.11. Length of Woven Fabrics11.1 Determine the length of woven fabrics used as backing fabrics in pile yar
29、n floor coverings as directed in Test MethodsD3773. The choice of the test options of measurement in determining the fabric length shall be agreed upon between the purchaserand the supplier.11.2 For knitted fabrics, refer to Test Method D3887.12. Fabric Count of Woven Fabrics12.1 Determine the fabri
30、c count for woven backing fabrics for pile yarn floor coverings as directed in Test Method D3775.13. Fabric Count of Knitted Fabrics13.1 Determine the fabric count for knitted backing fabrics for pile yarn floor coverings as directed in Test Method D3887.14. Mass Per Unit Area (Weight) of Woven Fabr
31、ics14.1 Determine the mass per unit area (weight) of woven fabric for backing fabrics for pile yarn floor coverings as directed inTest Methods D3776.14.2 For knitted fabrics, refer to Test Method D3887.15. Breaking Force of Woven and Nonwoven Fabrics15.1 Determine the breaking force of woven and non
32、woven backing fabrics, of pile yarn floor coverings as directed in TestMethods D5034 using a constant-rate-of-extension (CRE) type tensile testing machine with the speed of the pulling jaw 12 6 0.5in./min (300 6 10 mm/min).16. Breaking Force After Tufting of Woven and Nonwoven Fabrics16.1 Determine
33、the breaking force of woven and nonwoven backing fabrics of pile yarn floor coverings as directed in TestMethods D5034 using a constant-rate-of-extension (CRE) type tensile testing machine with the speed of the pulling jaw 12 6 0.5in./min (300 6 10 mm/min).NOTE 3The tuft conditions with respect to p
34、ile height, gage, stitches per inch (stitches per millimetre), pile yarn characteristics, and tufting needlesstyle must be agreed upon by all parties concerned. Using agreed-upon conditions, tuft sufficient backing fabric to secure the required number of testspecimens.17. ShrinkageHot Wet Method17.1
35、 Scope:17.1.1 This test method determines the shrinkage of woven, nonwoven, or knitted backing fabrics for pile yarn floor coveringafter exposure to hot wet conditions.17.2 Summary of Test Method:17.2.1 The backing fabric warp yarns and filling picks are first measured to a specific length. The fabr
36、ic then is immersed inhot distilled or deionized water and remeasured. The shrinkage is calculated as the change in length expressed as a percentage ofthe length before immersion.17.3 Significance and Use:17.3.1 Test Methods D2646 for testing backing fabric shrinkage in hot wet conditions is conside
37、red satisfactory for acceptancetesting of commercial shipments of fabric because the test method has been used extensively in the trade for that purpose.17.4 Apparatus:17.4.1 Metal or Glass Pan, approximately 13 by 13 in. (330 by 330 mm) by 1 in. (25 mm) deep.17.4.2 Circulating Air Oven, controlled
38、at 158 6 4F (70 6 2C).17.4.3 Staple Gun, such as those used for stapling stationery or any other device that will produce a suitable waterproof mark.17.4.4 Reagent, anionic wetting agent such as sodium lauryl sulphate.17.5 Number of Specimens:17.5.1 Take three specimens approximately 12 by 12 in. (3
39、00 by 300 mm). Take no specimen closer than 10 in. (250 mm) tothe selvage and no closer than 1 yd (m) from the end of the roll. For woven fabrics take no specimen containing the same warpyarns or the same filling picks and cut all specimens parallel to the warp and the filling.17.6 Preparation of Sp
40、ecimens:17.6.1 Lay out the specimens without tension on a flat, horizontal surface, taking care that there are no wrinkles or creases. Placea staple in the specimen or a waterproof mark about 1 in. (25 mm) on it from one edge. Measure 10 6 0.1 in. (250 6 2 mm) directlyalong one principle direction o
41、f the specimen and place a second staple or mark. Repeat this procedure along the other principledirection.D2646 18317.7 Procedure:17.7.1 Place the specimens in the pan and cover them with a solution of 0.1 % wetting agent in distilled or deionized water at77 6 2C (170 6 4F) to a depth of approximat
42、ely 1 in. (25 mm), and soak the specimens for 1 h.17.7.2 Drain off the wetting solution. Place the specimens on paper towels or blotting paper to remove the excess solution. Donot squeeze or press.17.7.3 Place the specimens flat on a screen and dry in an oven for at least 4 h at 70 6 2C (158 6 4F).
43、Remove the specimensfrom the oven and recondition as directed in Practice D1776. Remeasure the specimens in both directions as directed in 22.1.17.8 Calculation:17.8.1 Average the measurements of the distance between the marks for each direction of the specimen before and aftertreatment. Calculate t
44、he shrinkage in percent by Eq 1 and Eq 2 as follows:Shrinkage,%5L12Lf!/L1#3100 (1)Shrinkage,%5W12Wf!/W1#3100 (2)where:L1 = average original length,Lf = average final length,W1 = average original width, andWf = average final width.17.9 Report:17.9.1 State that the tests were performed as directed in
45、Test Methods D2646 for shrinkage to hot wet conditions and report thefollowing information:17.9.2 The shrinkage in the form of shrinkage or growth, and17.9.3 The percent change in length and in width for each laboratory sample.17.10 Precision and Bias:17.10.1 PrecisionBased on limited information fr
46、om within (one) laboratory, two technicians, the repeatability standarddeviation and the 95 % repeatability limits are approximately 0.153 and 0.429 respectively. The intermediate precision standarddeviations and the 95 % intermediate precision limits are approximately 0.197 and 0.552 respectively.1
47、7.10.2 BiasThe procedure for shrinkagehot wet method for backing fabrics of pile yarn floor coverings has no known biasand may be used for referee purposes.18. ShrinkageHot Dry Method18.1 Scope:18.1.1 This test method determines the shrinkage of woven, nonwoven, or knitted backing fabrics for pile y
48、arn floor coveringafter exposure to hot dry conditions.18.2 Summary of Test Method:18.2.1 The backing fabric warp yarns and filling picks are first measured to a specific length. The fabric is then exposed to dryheat and remeasured. The shrinkage is calculated as the change in length expressed as a
49、percentage of the length before exposure.18.3 Significance and Use:18.3.1 Test Methods D2646 for testing backing fabric shrinkage in hot dry conditions is considered satisfactory for acceptancetesting of commercial shipments of fabric because the test method has been used extensively in the trade for that purpose.18.4 Apparatus:18.4.1 Circulating Air Oven, maintained at specified temperature within 6 2C (6 4F).18.4.2 Staple Gun, such as those used for stapling stationery or any other device that will produce a suitable waterproof mark.18.5 Number o
