1、Designation: D2700 13aD2700 13bDesignation: 236/87Standard Test Method forMotor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2700; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This laboratory test met
3、hod covers the quantitative determination of the knock rating of liquid spark-ignition engine fuelin terms of Motor octane number, including fuels that contain up to 25 % v/v of ethanol. However, this test method may not beapplicable to fuel and fuel components that are primarily oxygenates.2 The sa
4、mple fuel is tested in a standardized single cylinder,four-stroke cycle, variable compression ratio, carbureted, CFR engine run in accordance with a defined set of operating conditions.The octane number scale is defined by the volumetric composition of primary reference fuel blends. The sample fuel
5、knockintensity is compared to that of one or more primary reference fuel blends. The octane number of the primary reference fuel blendthat matches the knock intensity of the sample fuel establishes the Motor octane number.1.2 The octane number scale covers the range from 0 to 120 octane number, but
6、this test method has a working range from 40to 120 octane number. Typical commercial fuels produced for automotive spark-ignition engines rate in the 80 to 90 Motor octanenumber range. Typical commercial fuels produced for aviation spark-ignition engines rate in the 98 to 102 Motor octane numberrang
7、e.Testing of gasoline blend stocks or other process stream materials can produce ratings at various levels throughout the Motoroctane number range.1.3 The values of operating conditions are stated in SI units and are considered standard. The values in parentheses are thehistorical inch-pounds units.
8、 The standardized CFR engine measurements continue to be in inch-pound units only because of theextensive and expensive tooling that has been created for this equipment.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
9、of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. For more specific hazard statements, see Section 8, 13.4.1, 14.5.1, 15.6.1, AnnexA1, A2.2.3.1, A2.2.3.3(6)and (9), A2.3.5, X3.3.7, X4.2.3.1, X4.3.4
10、.1, X4.3.9.3, X4.3.12.4, and X4.5.1.8.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD2268 Test Method for Analysis of High-Purity n-Heptane and Isooctane by Capillary Gas ChromatographyD2360 Test Method for Trace Impurities in Monocyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Gas
11、 ChromatographyD2699 Test Method for Research Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD2885 Test Method for Determination of Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuels by On-Line Direct ComparisonTechniqueD3703 Test Method for Hydroperoxide Number of Aviation Turbine Fuels, Gasoline and Diesel
12、FuelsD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, Petroleum Products, and LubricantsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products1 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleu
13、m Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.01 on Combustion Characteristics.Current edition approved July 15, 2013Oct. 1, 2013. Published September 2013November 2013. Originally approved in 1968. Last previous edition approved in 2013 asD2700 13.D270
14、0 13a. DOI: 10.1520/D2700-13A.10.1520/D2700-13B.2 Research octane number, determined using Test Method D2699, is a companion method to provide a similar but typically higher octane rating under milder operatingconditions.3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact
15、ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been m
16、ade to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A
17、 Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D4814 Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels for Volatili
18、ty MeasurementD6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petroleum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Coulometric KarlFischer TitrationE344 Terminology Relating to Thermometry and HydrometryE456 Terminology Relating to Quality and StatisticsE542 Practice for Calibration of Laboratory
19、Volumetric ApparatusE1064 Test Method for Water in Organic Liquids by Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration2.2 ANSI Standard:4C-39.1 Requirements for Electrical Analog Indicating Instruments2.3 Energy Institute Standard:IP224/02 Determination of Low Lead Content of Light Petroleum Distillates by Dithiz
20、one Extraction and Colorimetric Method53. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 accepted reference value, na value that serves as an agreed-upon reference for comparison, and which is derived as: (1)a theoretical or established value, based on scientific principles, (2) an assigned or certified value, ba
21、sed on experimental work ofsome national or international organization, or (3) a consensus or certified value, based on collaborative experimental work underthe auspices of a scientific or engineering group. E4563.1.1.1 DiscussionIn the context of this test method, accepted reference value is unders
22、tood to apply to the Motor octane number of specific referencematerials determined empirically under reproducibility conditions by the National Exchange Group or another recognizedexchange testing organization.3.1.2 Check Fuel, nfor quality control testing, a spark-ignition engine fuel of selected c
23、haracteristics having an octane numberaccepted reference value (O.N.ARV) determined by round-robin testing under reproducibility conditions.3.1.3 cylinder height, nfor the CFR engine, the relative vertical position of the engine cylinder with respect to the piston attop dead center (tdc) or the top
24、machined surface of the crankcase.3.1.4 detonation meter, analog, nfor knock testing, the analog signal conditioning instrumentation that accepts the electricalsignal from the detonation pickup and provides an output signal for display.3.1.5 detonation meter, digital, nfor knock testing, the digital
25、 signal conditioning instrumentation that accepts the electricalsignal from the detonation pickup and provides a digital output signal for display.3.1.6 detonation pickup, nfor knock testing, a magnetostrictive-type transducer that threads into the engine cylinder and isexposed to combustion chamber
26、 pressure to provide an electrical signal that is proportional to the rate-of-change of cylinderpressure.3.1.7 dial indicator reading, nfor the CFR engine, a numerical indication of cylinder height, in thousandths of an inch,indexed to a basic setting at a prescribed compression pressure when the en
27、gine is motored.3.1.8 digital counter reading, nfor the CFR engine, a numerical indication of cylinder height, indexed to a basic setting at aprescribed compression pressure when the engine is motored.3.1.9 dynamic fuel level, nfor knock testing, test procedure in which the fuel-air ratio for maximu
28、m knock intensity for sampleand reference fuels is determined using the falling level technique that changes carburetor fuel level from a high or rich mixturecondition to a low or lean mixture condition, at a constant rate, causing knock intensity to rise to a maximum and then decrease,thus permitti
29、ng observation of the maximum knockmeter reading.3.1.10 equilibrium fuel level, nfor knock testing, test procedure in which the fuel-air ratio for maximum knock intensity forsample and reference fuels is determined by making incremental step changes in fuel-air ratio, observing the equilibrium knock
30、intensity for each step, and selecting the level which produces the highest knock intensity reading.3.1.11 firing, nfor the CFR engine, operation of the CFR engine with fuel and ignition.3.1.12 fuel-air ratio for maximum knock intensity, nfor knock testing, that proportion of fuel to air that produc
31、es the highestknock intensity for each fuel in the knock testing unit, provided this occurs within specified carburetor fuel level limits.4 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.5 Available from Energy Institute
32、, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR, U.K., http:/www.energyinst.org.uk.D2700 13b23.1.13 guide tables, n for knock testing, the specific relationship between cylinder height (compression ratio) and octanenumber at standard knock intensity for specific primary reference fuel blends tested at stand
33、ard or other specified barometricpressure.3.1.14 knock, nin a spark-ignition engine, abnormal combustion, often producing audible sound, caused by autoignition ofthe air/fuel mixture. D41753.1.15 knock intensity, nfor knock testing, a measure of the level of knock.3.1.16 knockmeter, analog, nfor kno
34、ck testing, the 0 to 100 division analog indicating meter that displays the knock intensitysignal from the analog detonation meter.3.1.17 knockmeter, digital, nfor knock testing, the 0 to 999 division digital indicating software meter that displays the knockintensity from the digital detonation mete
35、r.3.1.18 motoring, nfor the CFR engine, operation of the CFR engine without fuel and with the ignition shut off.3.1.19 motor octane number, nfor spark-ignition engine fuel, the numerical rating of knock resistance obtained by comparisonof its knock intensity with that of primary reference fuels when
36、 both are tested in a standardized CFR engine operating under theconditions specified in this test method.3.1.20 octane number, nfor spark-ignition engine fuel, any one of several numerical indicators of resistance to knock obtainedby comparison with reference fuels in standardized engine or vehicle
37、 tests. D41753.1.21 oxygenate, nan oxygen-containing organic compound, which may be used as a fuel or fuel supplement, for example,various alcohols and ethers. D41753.1.22 primary reference fuel blends above 100 octane, nthe millilitres per U.S. gallon of tetraethyllead in isooctane thatdefine octan
38、e numbers above 100 in accordance with an empirically determined relationship.3.1.23 primary reference fuels, nfor knock testing, isooctane, n-heptane, volumetrically proportioned mixtures of isooctanewith n-heptane, or blends of tetraetyllead in isooctane that define the octane number scale.3.1.24
39、primary reference fuel blends below 100 octane, nthe volume percent of isooctane in a blend with n-heptane thatdefines the octane number of the blend, isooctane being assigned as 100 and n-heptane as zero octane number.3.1.25 repeatability conditions, nconditions where independent test results are o
40、btained with the same method on identical testitems in the same laboratory by the same operator using the same equipment within short intervals of time. E4563.1.25.1 DiscussionIn the context of this test method, a short time interval between two ratings on a sample fuel is understood to be not less
41、than thetime to obtain at least one rating on another sample fuel between them but not so long as to permit any significant change in thesample fuel, test equipment, or environment.3.1.26 reproducibility conditions, nconditions where test results are obtained with the same method on identical test i
42、tems indifferent laboratories with different operators using different equipment. E4563.1.27 spread, nin knock measurement, the sensitivity of the analog detonation meter expressed in knockmeter divisions peroctane number. (This feature is not a necessary adjustment in the digital detonation meter.)
43、3.1.28 standard knock intensity, analog, nfor knock testing, that level of knock established when a primary reference fuelblend of specific octane number is used in the knock testing unit at maximum knock intensity fuel-air ratio, with the cylinder height(dial indicator or digital counter reading) s
44、et to the prescribed guide table value.The analog detonation meter is adjusted to producean analog knockmeter reading of 50 for these conditions.3.1.29 standard knock intensity, digital, nfor knock testing, that level of knock established when a primary reference fuelblend of specific octane number
45、is used in the knock testing unit at maximum knock intensity fuel-air ratio, with the cylinder height(dial indicator or digital counter reading) set to the prescribed guide table value. The digital detonation meter will display a peakto peak voltage of approximately 0.25 V for these conditions.3.1.3
46、0 toluene standardization fuels, nfor knock testing, those volumetrically proportioned blends of two or more of thefollowing: reference fuel grade toluene, n-heptane, and isooctane that have prescribed rating tolerances for O.N.ARV determinedby round-robin testing under reproducibility conditions.3.
47、2 Abbreviations:3.2.1 ARVaccepted reference value3.2.2 CFRCooperative Fuel Research3.2.3 C.R.compression ratio3.2.4 IATintake air temperatureD2700 13b33.2.5 K.I.knock intensity3.2.6 MIXTmixture temperature3.2.7 OAoctane analyzer3.2.8 O.N.octane number3.2.9 PRFprimary reference fuel3.2.10 RTDresistan
48、ce thermometer device (Terminology E344), platinum type3.2.11 TSFtoluene standardization fuel4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The Motor O.N. of a spark-ignition engine fuel is determined using a standard test engine and operating conditions tocompare its knock characteristic with those of PRF blends of
49、known O.N. Compression ratio and fuel-air ratio are adjusted toproduce standard K.I. for the sample fuel, as measured by a specific electronic detonation measurement system. A standard K.I.guide table relates engine C.R. to O.N. level for this specific method. The fuel-air ratio for the sample fuel and each of the PRFblends is adjusted to maximize K.I. for each fuel.4.1.1 The fuel-air ratio for maximum K.I. may be obtained (1) by making incremental step changes in mixture strength,observing the equilibrium K.I. value for each step,
