1、Designation: D2881 03 (Reapproved 2009)D2881 12Standard Classification forMetal Working Metalworking Fluids and Related Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2881; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revi
2、sion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This classification of metal working fluids and related materials covers and is designed to s
3、tandardize and consolidate theterminology, nomenclature, and classification of these products.metalworking fluids and related materials.1.2 Metal working Metalworking fluids includes both metal removal and forming fluids. These are the coolants and lubricantsassociated with both types of processes.1
4、.3 This classification implies no evaluation of product quality or suitability for a given metalworking operation.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.2. Terminology2.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Stan
5、dard:2.1.1 amorphous, adjpossessing neither a lattice nor crystalline arrangement of atoms.2.1.2 crystalline, adjpossessing a lattice or crystalline structure; that is, a definite arrangement or pattern of atoms in space.2.1.3 emulsifier, na surface active surface-active agent, or surfactant, that i
6、s at least partially soluble in both liquids (phases)of an emulsion, and thus stabilizes one in the other.2.1.4 emulsion, na relatively stable mixture of two immiscible liquids liquids, one of which is held in suspension in the otherby small amounts of emulsifiers.2.1.5 functional additive, nin meta
7、lworking fluids, a chemical substance formulated into a metalworking fluid to provide oneor more specific performance properties not inherently provided by the basestock.2.1.5.1 DiscussionFunctional additives include, but are not limited to, antifoaming agents, antimicrobial pesticides, buffers, cor
8、rosion inhibitors,coupling agents, emulsifiers, lubricity additives, and metal deactivators. The number and range of functional additives varies withthe metalworking fluid formulation, and can range from a single additive to numerous additives in order to provide the performanceproperties specified
9、by the fluid compounder.2.1.6 micelle, na colloidal aggregate of surfactant molecules that occurs at a well-defined concentration.2.1.7 petroleum oil, na naturally occurring hydrocarbon mix that was initially formed under pressure in the earths crust andis liquid at room temperature.2.1.8 straight o
10、il, nin metalworking fluids, an oil, petroleum or synthetic, thatwhich essentially contains no water and isnotneither emulsifiable nor miscible in water.2.1.9 synthetic oil,fluid, na non-petroleum liquid that possesses lubricating properties. It includes both man-made andnaturally occurring liquids.
11、2.1.10 vitreous, adjhaving the appearance and properties of a glass; that is, a hard, amorphous, brittle structure.3. Significance and Use3.1 Metal working Metalworking may be divided into two general types of processes, metal deformation (such as rolling) andmetal removal or cutting.(such as grindi
12、ng or cutting). This classification lists the various types of fluid and non-fluid materials1 This classification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.L0.04on Metal Deformation Fluids and Lubricants.
13、Current edition approved April 15, 2009Nov. 1, 2012. Published July 2009February 2013. Originally approved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 20032009 asD2881D288103(2009).03. DOI: 10.1520/D2881-03R09.10.1520/D2881-12.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the
14、user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard
15、 as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1used to directly cool provide cooling and lubricatelubric
16、ation in both types of metalworking processes. It is intended for use bythose in metalworking or related industries who want to differentiate these materials. It is up to the user of this classification todetermine the relevance of the items listed with respect to their application.4. Basis of Class
17、ification4.1 Metal working Metalworking fluids and related materials are divided into three broad categories: petroleum oil containingfluids, non-petroleum fluids, and solid and semi-solid materials. Under each of these broad categories, the types of fluids andmaterials related to each category are
18、listed with a description.4.1.1 Petroleum Oil-Containing Fluids:4.1.1.1 Soluble Oil: Emulsifiable Oil (frequently referred to as “Soluble Oil”):(1) Generally contains 30 %30% oil before dilution with waterwater.(2) Contains emulsifiers, corrosion inhibitors, emulsifiers and other additivesfunctional
19、 additives.(3) Generally creates a macro-emulsion (average size 1.0 m) when diluted with waterwater.(4) Blended with water in its end useuse.4.1.1.2 Semi-synthetic Oil:Fluid:(1) Generally contains 30 % oil before dilution with water 20% water and 50% petroleum-oil.(2) Contains emulsifiers, corrosion
20、 inhibitors, and other additivesfunctional additives.(3) Generally creates a micro-emulsion (average particle size 1.0 1.0 m) when diluted in waterwater.(4) Blended with water in its end useuse.4.1.1.3 Straight Oil:(1) Contains petroleum oil but essentially no waterwater.(2) Not emulsifiableemulsifi
21、able.(3) May contain corrosion inhibitors, lubricity agents, and other additives Can contain functional additives.4.1.2 Synthetic Non-Petroleum Fluids:4.1.2.1 Solution Synthetic Fluid:(1) Contains no petroleum oiloil.(2) Contains functional additives.(3) Forms in a single-phase a true solution (no m
22、icelles) when mixed with waterwater.(4) Blended with water in its end useuse.4.1.2.2 Emulsion Synthetic Fluid:(1) Prepared from vegetable oil, esters or other synthetic basestocks.(2) Contains emulsifiers and other functional additives but no petroleum oiloil.(3) Produces an emulsion when added to w
23、aterwater.(4) Blended with water in its end useuse.4.1.2.3 Straight Synthetic Oil:(1) Contains no petroleum oil nor waterwater.(2) Formulations typically prepared with renewable triglycerides, synthetic hydrocarbons, esters or other oil-solublebasestocks; generally combined with oil-soluble additive
24、s that contain no water.(3) Not intended to be diluted nor emulsified with water in its end useuse.4.1.3 Solid Lubricants:4.1.3.1 Powders:(1) CrystallineCrystalline.(2) PolymericPolymeric.(3) AmorphousAmorphous.4.1.3.2 Vitreous Materials:(1) BoratesBorates.(2) GlassesGlasses.(3) PhosphatesPhosphates
25、.4.1.3.3 Greases and Pastes:(1) GreasesGreases.(2) Dispersions or solutions in non-aqueous fluidsfluids.(3) Dispersions or solutions in waterwater.4.1.3.4 Solid Films:(1) Particle bondedbonded.(2) Resin bondedbonded.(3) Vitreous bondedbonded.D2881 1225. Keywords5.1 coolants; greases; metal forming f
26、luids; metal removal fluids; metal working metalworking fluids; pastes; semi-syntheticfluids; solid lubricants; soluble oilsSUMMARY OF CHANGESSubcommittee D02.L0 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(D288103 (2009) that may impact the use of this stand
27、ard.(1) Revised most of the standard text.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and t
28、he riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision o
29、f this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should
30、make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).D2881 123
