1、Designation: D2969 04 (Reapproved 2010)Standard Test Methods forSteel Tire Cords1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2969; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in pare
2、ntheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the testing of cords made fromsteel that are specifically designed for use in the reinforcementof pneumatic tires. By agreem
3、ent, these test methods may beused to test similar cords or filaments used for reinforcing otherrubber products. The steel cords may be wound on spools orbeams. The steel cords may also be woven into fabric, in whichcase they must be removed from the fabric prior to testing.NOTE 1For other methods o
4、f testing tire cords and tire cord fabrics,refer to Methods D885, Test Methods D1871, Specifications D122, andTest Methods D2692 and D2970/D2970M. For tolerances on tire cordsand tire cord fabrics, refer to Specifications D122 and Methods D885.1.2 These test methods include test procedures only; the
5、y donot establish specifications or tolerances.1.3 This test method includes the following sections:Subject SectionAdhesion of Steel Cords and Filaments to Elastomers 16Brass Coating Composition and Mass 14, 15Breaking Force (Strength) 10Construction 12Data Form for Reporting Test Results Appendix X
6、1Elongation at Break 10Elongation Between Defined Forces (EDF) 11Flare 8Lay 12Linear Density 9Visual Appearance 8Nomenclature System Annex A1Residual Torsions 8Straightness 8Thickness and Out-of-Roundness 131.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated w
7、ith its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 14.3 and Note11.1.5 This standard is written in SI units. No other units ofmeasurement are included in
8、this standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for TextilesD122 Specifications for Tire Fabrics Other Than Tire CordFabrics3D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD885 Test Methods for Tire Cords, Tire Cord Fabrics, andIndustrial Filament Yarns
9、Made from ManufacturedOrganic-Base FibersD1871 Test Method for Adhesion Between Tire Bead Wireand RubberD2229 Test Method for Adhesion Between Steel Tire Cordsand RubberD2692 Test Method for Air Wicking of Tire Fabrics, TireCord Fabrics, Tire Cord, and YarnsD2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing
10、 of a Textile TestMethod that Produces Normally Distributed DataD2970/D2970M Test Methods for Testing Tire Cords, TireCord Fabrics, and Industrial Yarns Made From GlassFilamentsD4393 Test Method for Strap Peel Adhesion of ReinforcingCords or Fabrics to Rubber CompoundsD6477 Terminology Relating to T
11、ire Cord, Bead Wire,Hose Reinforcing Wire, and FabricsE663 Practice for Flame Atomic Absorption Analysis32.2 International Bureau for the Standardization of Man-Made Fibers (BISFA):Internationally Agreed Methods for Testing Steel TireCords43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms
12、 relating to tire cord, bead wire,hose wire, and tire cord fabrics, refer to Terminology D6477.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 onTextiles and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.19 on IndustrialFibers and Metallic Reinforcements.Current edition appr
13、oved Jan. 1, 2010. Published March 2010. Originallyapproved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in D2969 02. DOI: 10.1520/D2969-04.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume inf
14、ormation, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.4Available from BISFA, Lauren Garten Strasse 12, PO Box, CH-4010 BASLESwitzerland.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Dr
15、ive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:core, direction of lay, flare, high elongation, in steel tire cord,length of lay, residual torsion, steel cord, steel cord wrap, steelfilaments, steelstrand, straightness, in s
16、teel cord, and wildness.3.1.2 For definitions of other terms related to textiles, referto Terminology D123.3.1.2.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:direction of twist.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A summary of the test methods prescribed for thedetermination of specific properties is
17、 stated in each of thesections pertaining to the respective properties.5. Significance and Use5.1 The procedures in Test Methods D2969 for the determi-nation of the properties of steel tire cord and related materialsare considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commer-cial shipments of such
18、products because the procedures are thebest available and have been used extensively in the trade.When a purchaser frequently uses a specific supplier, it isrecommended that the two parties investigate the methods todetermine if there is any bias between their two laboratories asdirected in 5.1.1.5.
19、1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences inreported test results when using this test method for acceptancetesting of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the sup-plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there isa statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent stati
20、s-tical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias.As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of testspecimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that arefrom a lot of material of the type in question. Test specimensshould then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to eachla
21、boratory for testing. The average results from the twolaboratories should be compared using the appropriate statis-tical analysis and an acceptable probability level chosen by thetwo parties before testing is begun. If bias is found, either itscause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and t
22、hesupplier must agree to interpret future test results with consid-eration to the known bias.5.2 The significance and use of particular properties arediscussed in the appropriate sections.6. Sampling6.1 Lot SampleAs a lot sample for acceptance testing,take at random the number of primary sampling un
23、its asdirected in an applicable material specification or other agree-ment between the purchaser and the supplier. Consider cartonsof cords or rolls of fabric as primary sampling units.NOTE 2A realistic specification or other agreement between thepurchaser and the supplier requires taking into accou
24、nt the variabilitybetween cartons of cords and between spools or other packages within acarton, or the variability between and within rolls of fabric so as to providea sampling plan with meaningful producers risk, consumers risk,acceptable quality level, and limiting quality level.6.2 Laboratory Sam
25、pleAs a laboratory sample for accep-tance testing, proceed as follows:6.2.1 For cords, take at random the number of spools orother packages per carton as directed in the applicable materialspecification or other agreement between the purchaser and thesupplier.6.2.2 For fabric, take a full-width swat
26、ch 1 m long from theend of each roll in the lot sample, after first discarding aminimum of 1 m of fabric from the outside layer of the roll (see6.2.3).6.2.3 Place each laboratory sampling unit in a moisture-proof container to protect it from atmospheric corrosion andcontamination.6.3 Test SpecimensT
27、ake the number of specimens fromeach laboratory sampling unit as directed in each specific testmethod.6.4 Specimen PreparationFor cords, when practical, per-form tests on specimens taken directly from the spools or otherpackages in the laboratory sample.7. Conditioning7.1 Conditioning of materials c
28、overed by these test methodshas not been found necessary, except to maintain cleanliness.8. Visual Appearance, Residual Torsion, Straightness,Flare8.1 ScopeThis test method covers the visual examinationof steel cord for appearance and test procedures for residualtorsion, straightness, and flare.8.2
29、Significance and UsePhysical properties of steel tirecord may be affected by the methods of manufacturing andhandling procedures. Cleanliness has a direct effect on theadhesion of steel tire cord to elastomers.8.3 One specimen is taken from each laboratory samplingunit for residual torsion, flare, a
30、nd straightness. Specimens forother tests may be used for visual appearance.8.4 Procedures:8.4.1 Residual TorsionDetermine residual torsion by re-moving at least3mofcord from the package, cutting it off, anddiscarding it. Make a right angle bend about 25 mm from thecord end on the package. Hold this
31、 bent end tightly so that itcannot turn while pulling out a specimen having a length of 66 0.2 m. Pull the specimen from the package in such a mannerthat does not change the residual torsions of the specimen fromthat of the cord on the package. Release the free end of the cordand allow this end to r
32、otate while the cord is free of externaltension. Count and record the number of rotations of the cordend to the closest one-half rotation and, viewing the cord fromthe bent end toward the package, denote clockwise rotations aspositive (+) and anti-clockwise rotations as negative ().8.4.1.1 Calculate
33、 the average residual torsion for the lot.8.4.2 StraightnessWithout cutting the specimen from thepackage, pull out a length of cord 66 0.2 m and lay it on asmooth, hard surface and allow it to rotate freely. With notension applied to the cord, place the cord specimen approxi-mately equidistant from
34、two straight parallel lines spaced at adistance of 75 6 3 mm. If the specimen does not touch bothlines consider the specimen straight. Record the observation.NOTE 3It is common practice to make residual torsion and straight-ness observations on the same specimen. Residual torsion is measuredfirst, t
35、hen straightness.D2969 04 (2010)28.4.3 FlareCut a straight section of cord (not less than100 mm) using cutters5held at right angles to the axis of thespecimen and measure to the nearest 1 mm of the distancealong the longitudinal axis that any filament or strand unrav-elled. Record this distance.8.4.
36、3.1 Calculate the average flare for the lot.8.4.4 ContaminationMake a visual inspection of thespecimen taken as directed in 8.4.1, 8.4.2,or8.4.3 and recordthe presence of any dirt, rust, oil, or any other foreign material.Also look for and record any pitting, including rough spots. Avisual inspectio
37、n of the package and its integrity may beincluded, if appropriate.8.5 ReportState that the inspection of visual appearancewas made in accordance with Section 8 of Test MethodsD2969. Describe the material sampled and the method used forsampling and report the following information:8.5.1 Residual Tors
38、ion, for each sampling unit and the lot.8.5.2 Straightness, for each sampling unit and the lot.8.5.3 Flare, for each sampling unit and the lot.8.5.4 ContaminationVisual appearance observations foreach laboratory sampling unit.8.6 Precision and BiasNo justifiable statement can bemade either on the pr
39、ecision or bias of the procedures in TestMethods D2969 for the evaluation of visual appearance be-cause the test results merely state conformance to the criteriafor success specified in the procedures.8.6.1 Twenty cord samples of 2X.30 HT construction weremeasured for residual torsion and flare in a
40、ccordance with 8.4.1and 8.4.2. A single operator in a single laboratory performedthe testing. A statistical analysis was used to quantify intral-aboratory variability for these properties. The property flareshowed a strongly right-skewed distribution, with values be-tween 0 and 65 mm; the median val
41、ue was 3 mm. Repeatabilitywas not calculated for flare because of its non-normal distri-bution. Results are shown in the following:Property Average SrRepeatability SRReproducibilityFlare 8.6 16.3 - NA NAResidual Torsion 1.45 0.22 0.62 NA NASris the intra-laboratory standard deviation. SR, the totals
42、tandard deviation, is formed by taking the square root of thesum of intra-laboratory and interlaboratory variance compo-nents. SRcannot be determined from these data.Method repeatability is defined as the “maximum difference”that can “reasonably” be expected between two test resultsobtained on the s
43、ame material when the test results areobtained in the same laboratory. Method reproducibility isdefined as the “maximum difference” that can “reasonably” beexpected between two test results obtained on the samematerial when the test results are obtained from differentlaboratories.9. Linear Density9.
44、1 ScopeIn this test method, a specified length of steelcord is weighed using an analytical balance and linear densityis calculated as mass per unit length.9.2 Significance and UseThe linear density of steel cordis used to calculate the expected mass of pneumatic tires andthe various components used
45、in their manufacture as a part ofthe process control procedure.9.3 Number and Preparation of SpecimensTake a speci-men having a minimum length of 1 m from each sample ofcord (see Note 4 for high-elongation cords). For samples fromfabric, use a sufficient number of ends to give a minimumlength of1mof
46、cord for each specimen. Measure the length ofthe specimen to within 0.1 % using a tension of 10 6 1Ntokeep the cord straight. Cut the specimen at the required length.Record the length.NOTE 4A proposed method for measuring the linear density ofhigh-elongation cords is as follows:(1) Clamp an extensom
47、eter onto the specimen that is straight, but underno tension; read the gage length L (0);(2) Apply a tension of 1.5 6 0.2 N to the cord and read the gage length,L (1);(3) Calculate the extension factor, EF, as follows:EF 5 L1! 2 L0!/L0! (1)(4) Calculate and report the linear density, as follows:Line
48、ar density, tex 5 M/L0! 3 1 1 EF! (2)where:M = mass, g,L (0) = length, km, andEF = extension factor.9.4 ProcedureDetermine the mass of the specimen ofcord by weighing to the nearest 1 mg.9.5 CalculationCalculate the linear density to the nearest10 tex using Eq 3:Linear density, tex 5 M/L (3)where:M
49、= mass, g, andL = length, km.9.5.1 Calculate the average linear density for the lot.9.6 ReportReport that the specimen was tested in accor-dance with Section 9 of Test Methods D2969. Describe thematerial sampled and the method of sampling used. Report thelinear density for each laboratory sampling unit and for the lot.9.7 Precision and Bias:9.7.1 SummaryIn comparing two averages of four obser-vations, the difference between averages should not exceed 10tex in 95 out of 100 cases when all of the observations aretaken by the same well-trained operat
