1、Designation: D 2974 07aStandard Test Methods forMoisture, Ash, and Organic Matter of Peat and OtherOrganic Soils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2974; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year o
2、f last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of moisturecontent, ash content, and organic matter in peats and otherorg
3、anic soils, such as organic clays, silts, and mucks.1.1.1 Method A moisture is determined by drying peat ororganic sample at 105 C.1.1.2 Method B Alternative moisture method which re-moves the total moisture in two steps: (1) evaporation ofmoisture at room temperature, (2) subsequent oven drying ofa
4、ir dried sample at 105 C.1.1.3 Method C Ash content of a peat or organic soilsample is determined by igniting oven dried sample frommoisture content determination in a muffle furnace at 440 C.1.1.4 Method D Ash content of a peat or organic soilsample is determined by igniting oven dried sample fromm
5、oisture content determination in a muffle furnace at 750 C.1.2 This test method should be used for geotechnical andgeneral classification. In addition, the test method should beused when peats are being evaluated for use as a fuel.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.
6、No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard. Use Practice D 6026 for determining significantdigits to report.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appr
7、o-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in the Testing and/or Insp
8、ection of Soil and Rockas Used in Engineering Design and ConstructionD 4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and SpecifyingBalances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, andConstruction Materials TestingD 6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechni-cal DataE 145 Specification for Gr
9、avity-Convection and Forced-Ventilation Ovens3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For common definitions of terms in this standard, referto Terminology D 653.4. Summary of Test Methods4.1 Test Method AMoisture is determined by drying a peator organic soil sample at 105C. The moisture content isexpres
10、sed either as a percent of the oven dry mass or of theas-received mass.4.2 Test Method BThis is an alternative moisture methodwhich removes the total moisture in two steps: ( 1) evaporationof moisture in air at room temperature (air-drying), and (2) thesubsequent oven drying of the air-dried sample
11、at 105C. Thismethod provides a more stable sample, the air-dried sample,when tests for nitrogen, pH, cation exchange, and the like areto be made.4.3 Test Methods C and DAsh content of a peat or organicsoil sample is determined by igniting the oven-dried samplefrom the moisture content determination
12、in a muffle furnace at440C (Method C) or 750C (Method D). The substanceremaining after ignition is the ash. The ash content is expressedas a percentage of the mass of the oven-dried sample.4.4 Organic matter is determined by subtracting percent ashcontent from one hundred.1These test methods are und
13、er the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soiland Rock and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.06 on Physical-Chemical Interactions of Soil and Rock.Current edition approved March 15, 2007. Published May 2007. Originallyapproved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D 2
14、974 07.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of t
15、his standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method can be used to determine the moisturecontent, ash content, and percent organic matter in soil.5.2 The percent organic matter is i
16、mportant in the follow-ing: (1) classifying peat or other organic soil, (2) geotechnicaland general classification purposes, and (3) when peats arebeing evaluated as a fuelNOTE 1The quality of the result produced by this standard isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and thes
17、uitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competentand objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard arecautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not in itself assurereliable re
18、sults. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D 3740provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.6. Apparatus6.1 Oven, meeting the requirements of E 145 and capable ofbeing regulated to a constant temperature of 105 6 5C.6.2 The temperature of 105 C is quite critical for organicso
19、ils. The oven should be checked for “hot spots” to avoidpossible ignition of the specimen.6.3 Muffle Furnace, capable of producing constant tempera-tures of 440 C 6 22 C and 750 C 6 38C6.4 Balance or Scale, a balance or scale for determining themass of the soil having a minimum capacity of 500 g and
20、meeting the requirements of Standard D 4753 for a balance orscale of 0.01 g readability.6.5 Rubber Sheet, Oil Cloth, or other non-absorbent mate-rial.6.6 Evaporating Dishes, of high silica or porcelain of notless than 100-mL capacity.6.7 Blender, high-speed.6.8 Aluminum Foil, heavy-duty.6.9 Porcelai
21、n Pan, Spoons, and equipment of the like.6.10 Desiccator.7. Sampling and Test Specimens7.1 Place a representative field sample on a rubber sheet, oilcloth, or equivalent material and mix thoroughly.7.2 Reduce the sample to the quantity required for a testspecimen by quartering.7.3 Place the test spe
22、cimen and the remaining sample inseparate waterproof containers.7.4 Work rapidly to prevent moisture loss or perform theoperation in a room with a high humidity.8. Procedure8.1 Moisture Content Determination8.1.1 Test Method A8.1.1.1 Record to the nearest 0.01 g the mass of a high silicaor porcelain
23、 evaporating dish fitted with a heavy-duty alumi-num foil cover. The dish shall have a capacity of not less than100 mL.8.1.1.2 Following the instruction in section 7.1 above, placea test specimen of at least 50 g in the container described in8.1.1.1. Crush soft lumps with a spoon or spatula. Thethic
24、kness of peat in the container should not exceed 3 cm.8.1.1.3 Cover immediately with the aluminum foil coverand record the mass to the nearest 0.01 g.8.1.1.4 Dry uncovered for at least 16 h at 105C or untilthere is no change in mass of the sample after further dryingperiods in excess of 1 h. Remove
25、from the oven, cover tightly,cool in a desiccator, and record the mass to the nearest 0.01 g.8.1.2 Calculations for Test Method A8.1.2.1 Calculate the moisture content as follows:Moisture Content, % 5 A 2 B! 3 100/A (1)where:A = mass of the as-received test specimen, g, andB = mass of the oven-dried
26、 specimen, g.8.1.2.1.1 This calculation is used primarily for agriculture,forestry, energy, and horticultural purposes and the resultshould be referred to as the moisture content as a percentage ofas-received or total mass.8.1.2.2 An alternative calculation is as follows:Moisture Content, % 5 A 2 B!
27、 3 100/B (2)where:A = mass of the as-received test specimen, g, andB = mass of the oven-dried specimen, g.8.1.2.2.1 This calculation is used primarily for geotechnicalpurposes and the result should be referred to as the moisturecontent as a percentage of oven-dried mass.8.1.2.3 Take care to indicate
28、 the calculation method used.8.1.3 Test Method B8.1.3.1 This test method should be used if pH, nitrogencontent, cation exchange capacity, and the like are to be tested.8.1.3.2 Following the instructions in section 7.1 above,select a 100 to 300 g representative test specimen. Determinethe mass of thi
29、s test specimen to the nearest 0.01 g and spreadit evenly on a large flat pan. Crush soft lumps with a spoon orspatula and let the sample come to moisture equilibrium withroom air. This will require at least 24 h. Stir occasionally tomaintain maximum air exposure of the entire sample. Whenthere is n
30、o change in mass of the sample after further dryingperiods in excess of 1 h, calculate the moisture removed duringair drying as a percentage of the as-received mass.8.1.3.3 Grind a representative portion of the air-driedsample for 1 to 2 min in a high-speed blender. Use the groundportion for moistur
31、e, ash, nitrogen, cation exchange capacitytests, and the like.8.1.3.4 Thoroughly mix the air-dried, ground sample. Weighto the nearest 0.01 g the equivalent of 50 g of test specimen onan as-received basis. Determine the amount, in grams, ofair-dried sample equivalent to 50 g of as-received sample, a
32、sfollows:Equivalent Sample Mass, g 5 50.0 2 50 3 M!/100 (3)where:M = moisture removed in air drying, % (on as receivedbasis).8.1.3.5 Place the sample in a container as described in 8.1.1and proceed as in Method A.8.1.4 Calculations for Test Method B8.1.4.1 Calculate the moisture content as follows:M
33、oisture Content, % 5 50 2 B! 3 2 (4)D 2974 07a2where:B = mass of the oven-dried sample, g.8.1.4.1.1 This calculation gives moisture content as a per-centage of as-received mass.8.1.4.2 An alternative calculation is as follows:Moisture Content, % 5 50 2 B! 3 100/B (5)8.1.4.2.1 This calculation gives
34、moisture content as a per-centage of oven-dried mass.8.2 Ash Content Determination8.2.1 Test Method C8.2.1.1 Determine the mass of a covered high-silica orporcelain dish to the nearest 0.01 g.8.2.1.2 Place a part of or all of the oven-dried test specimenfrom a moisture determination in the dish and
35、determine themass of the dish and specimen to the nearest 0.01 g.8.2.1.3 Remove the cover and place the dish in a mufflefurnace. Gradually bring the temperature in the muffle furnaceto 440 C 6 22 C and hold until the specimen is completelyashed (no change of mass occurs after at least 1 hr. period o
36、fheating).8.2.1.4 Cover with the retained aluminum foil cover, cool ina desiccator, and determine the mass to the nearest 0.01 g.8.2.1.5 This test method should be used for geotechnicaland general classification purposes.8.2.2 Test Method D8.2.2.1 Determine the mass of a covered high-silica orporcel
37、ain dish to the nearest 0.01 g.8.2.2.2 Place a part of or all of the oven-dried test specimenfrom a moisture determination in the dish and determine themass of the dish and specimen to the nearest 0.01 g.8.2.2.3 Remove the cover and place the dish in a mufflefurnace. Gradually bring the temperature
38、in the muffle furnaceto 750 C 6 38 C and hold until the specimen is completelyashed (no change in mass of the sample after further dryingperiods in excess of 1 h).8.2.2.4 Cover with the retained aluminum foil cover, cool ina desiccator, and determine the mass to the nearest 0.01 g.8.2.2.5 This test
39、method should be used when peats arebeing evaluated for use as a fuel.8.2.3 Calculation for Test Methods C and D8.2.3.1 Calculate the ash content as follows:Ash Content, % 5 C3 100!/B (6)where:C = mass of ash, g, andB = oven-dried test specimen, g.8.3 Organic Matter Determination8.3.1 Calculation8.3
40、.1.1 Determine the amount of organic matter to thenearest 0.1 % by difference, as follows:Organic matter, % 5 100.0 2 D (7)where:D = ash content, % (nearest 0.1%).9. Report9.1 Report the following information:9.1.1 Identify sample: project, boring or location, depth, andmethod used in sampling.9.1.2
41、 Results for organic matter and ash content, to thenearest 0.1 %. Use Practice D 6026 to determine significantdigits9.1.3 Furnace temperature used for ash content determina-tions.9.1.4 Whether moisture contents are by proportion of as-received mass or oven-dried mass.9.1.4.1 Express results for mois
42、ture content as a percentageof as-received mass to the nearest 0.1 %.9.1.4.2 Express results for moisture content as a percentageof oven-dried mass as follows:(a) Below 100 % to the nearest 1 %.(b) Between 100 % and 500 % to the nearest 5 %.(c) Between 500 % and 1000 % to the nearest 10 %.(d) Above
43、1000 % to the nearest 20 %.10. Precision and Bias10.1 PrecisionTest data on precision is not presented dueto the nature of the soil materials tested by this test method. Itis either not feasible or too costly at this time to have ten ormore laboratories participate in a round-robin testing program.1
44、0.1.1 The Subcommittee D 18.22 is seeking any data fromthe users of this test method that might be used to make alimited statement on precision.10.2 BiasThere is no accepted reference value for this testmethod, therefore, bias cannot be determined.11. Keywords11.1 ash content; moisture content; orga
45、nic soil; peat; per-cent organic matterD 2974 07a3SUMMARY OF CHANGESIn accordance with Committee D18 policy, this section identifies the location of changes to this standard sincethe last edition (07) that may impact the use of the standard.(1) In 8.1.1.2 changed 4.1 to 7.1.(2) In 8.1.3.2 changed 4.
46、1 to 7.1.(3) In 8.1.3.4 added (on as received basis) to end of sentence.(4) In 8.1.4.1 add “mass of the” to B.(5) In 8.2.1.2 added “to the nearest 0.01 g “ to the end of thesentence.(6) In 8.1.2.2 added “mass of the” to A.(7) In 8.2.1.3 In sentence 2 add “at least 1 hr” to sentence.(8) In 8.2.1.5 re
47、moved “all” in sentence.(9) Changed D18.06 to D18.22 in Section 10.1.1(10) In 11 changed “%” to “percent”.(11) In 7.1 deleted “rubber” from sentence.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users
48、 of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every f
49、ive years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM Internation
