1、Designation: D 3213 03Standard Practices forHandling, Storing, and Preparing Soft Undisturbed MarineSoil1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3213; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last r
2、evision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 These practices cover methods for project/cruise report-ing, and handling, transporting and storing soft cohesiveundisturb
3、ed marine soil. Procedures for preparing soil speci-mens for triaxial strength, and consolidation testing are alsopresented.1.2 These practices may include the handling and transport-ing of sediment specimens contaminated with hazardous ma-terials and samples subject to quarantine regulations.1.3 Th
4、is practice offers a set of instructions for performingone or more specific operations. This document cannot replaceeducation or experience and should be used in conjunction withprofessional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may beapplicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is notin
5、tended to represent or replace the standard of care by whichthe adequacy of a given professional service must be judged,nor should this document be applied without consideration ofa projects many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in thetitle of the document means only that the document has beenapp
6、roved through the ASTM consensus process.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory
7、 limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary statements are given in Sections 1, 2 and 7.1.5 The values in acceptable SI units are to be regarded asthe standard. The values given in parentheses are for informa-tion only.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 653 Terminology Relating to So
8、il, Rock, and ContainedFluids2D 1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils2D 2435 Test Method for One-Dimensional ConsolidationProperties of Soils2D 2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils(Visual Manual Procedure)2D 2850 Test Method for Unconsolidated, Undrained Com-press
9、ive Strength of Cohesive Soils in Triaxial Compres-sion2D 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rockas Used in Engineering Design and Construction2D 4186 Test Method for One-Dimensional ConsolidationProperties of Soils Using Controlle
10、d-Strain Loading2D 4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting SoilSamples2D 4452 Methods for X-Ray Radiography of Soil Samples23. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe definitions of terms used in thesepractices shall be in accordance with Terminology D 653.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Procedures are prese
11、nted for handling, transporting,storing, and preparing very soft and soft, fine-grained marinesediment specimens that minimize disturbance to the testspecimen from the time it is initially sampled at sea to the timeit is placed in a testing device in the laboratory.5. Significance and Use5.1 Disturb
12、ance imparted to sediments after sampling cansignificantly affect some geotechnical properties. Careful prac-tices need to be followed to minimize soil fabric changescaused from handling, storing, and preparing sediment speci-mens for testing.NOTE 1The quality of the result produced by this standard
13、 isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competentand objective testing/sampling/inspection, etc. Users of this standard arecautioned t
14、hat compliance with Practice D 3740does not in itself assure1These practices are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.02 on Sampling andRelated Field Testing for Soil Evaluations.Current edition approved June 10, 2003. Publ
15、ished July 2003. Originallyapproved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as D 321391(1997).2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 1
16、9428-2959, United States.reliable results. Reliable results depend on may factors; Practice D 3740provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.5.2 The practices presented in this document should be usedwith soil that has a very soft or soft shear strength (undrainedshear strength less than 2
17、5 kPa (3.6 psi) consistency.NOTE 2Some soils that are obtained at or just below the seafloorquickly deform under their own weight if left unsupported. This type ofbehavior presents special problems for some types of testing. Specialhandling and preparation procedures are required under those circum-
18、stances. Test are sometimes performed at sea to minimize the effect ofstorage time and handling on soil properties. An undrained shear strengthof less than 25 kPa was selected based on Terzaghi and Peck.3Theydefined a very soft saturated clay as having undrained shear strength lessthan 25 kPa.5.3 Th
19、ese practices shall apply to specimens of naturallyformed marine soil (that may or may not be fragile or highlysensitive) that will be used for density determination, consoli-dation, permeability testing or shear strength testing with orwithout stress-strain properties and volume change measure-ment
20、s (see Note 3). In addition, dynamic and cyclic testing canalso be performed on the sample.NOTE 3To help evaluate disturbance, X-Ray Radiography has provenhelpful, refer to Methods D 4452.5.4 These practices apply to fine-grained soils that do notallow the rapid drainage of pore water. Although many
21、 of theprocedures can apply to coarser-grained soils, drainage mayoccur rapidly enough to warrant special handling proceduresnot covered in these practices.5.5 These practices apply primarily to soil specimens thatare obtained in thin-walled or similar coring devices thatproduce high-quality cores o
22、r that are obtained by pushing athin-walled tube into cores taken with another sampling device.5.6 These practices can be used in conjunction with soilscontaining gas, however, more specialized procedures andequipment that are not covered in these practices have beendeveloped for use with such mater
23、ials.NOTE 4For information on handling gas charged sediments, thereader is referred to papers by Johns, et al.,4and Lee.56. Apparatus6.1 Coring Device, capable of obtaining high-quality soilspecimens, including related shipboard equipment such ascable and winch. Typical coring devices used in indust
24、ry arethe wireline push or piston samplers.NOTE 5Some sampling devices, for example, box corers, obtainsamples of a size or shape that are difficult to preserve. Such cores can besubsampled aboard ship by pushing a thin-walled sampler into the largersize core. This method can produce samples from so
25、ils obtained near theseafloor. The subsamples can then be handled and stored according tothese practices.6.1.1 Metal or Plastic Liners or Barrels (Pipe or Thin-Walled Tubes), the soil will be obtained or stored within, orboth. Short sections of the liner, sharpened on one end, mayalso be used to sub
26、sample larger sized cores (see Note 5). It isimportant to note that liners constructed of cellulose acetatebutyrate (CAB) plastic are pervious to water. Polycarbonate isnearly impervious and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is imperviousto water migration.6.2 Equipment Required on Board Ship to Seal and Sto
27、reSoil Samples:6.2.1 Identification MaterialThis includes the necessarywriting pens, tags, and labels to properly identify thesample(s).6.2.2 Caps, either plastic, rubber, or metal, to be placed overthe end of thin-walled tubes, liners and rings, and sealed withtape or wax, or both.6.2.3 Packers, or
28、 add wax to top and bottom of core to sealthe ends of samples within thin-walled tubes.NOTE 6Plastic expandable packers are preferred. Metal expandablepackers seal equally well; however, long-term storage using metalexpandable packers may cause corrosion problems.6.2.4 Filler Material, used to occup
29、y the voids at the topand bottom of the sediment container. The material must beslightly smaller than the inside dimensions of the container andmust be a light-weight, nonabsorbing, nearly incompressiblesubstance. For example, wooden disks of various thicknessesthat have been coated with a waterproo
30、fing material can beused.6.2.5 Tape, either waterproof electrical or duct tape.6.2.6 Cheesecloth or Aluminum Foil, to be used in conjunc-tion with wax for block sample.6.2.7 Sealing Wax, non-shrinking, non-cracking wax, in-cludes microcrystalline wax, beeswax, ceresine, carnaubawax,or combination th
31、ereof.NOTE 7The wax must be able to adhere to the container and beductile enough not to chip or flake off during handling at cold tempera-tures. Microcrystalline wax alone or in combination with other waxes hasbeen shown to be satisfactory in sealing the ends of cores stored at lowtemperatures.6.2.8
32、 Plastic Wrap, used to prevent the wax from adheringto other objects and providing additional protection against soilmoisture loss.6.2.9 Core Storage Boxes.6.2.10 Rope, Cord, or Chains, used to immobilize contain-ers, boxes, or other core storage fixtures aboard ship.6.2.11 Shipboard Refrigeration E
33、quipment, whengeochemical, or gas charged sediments are present or otherspecial use. Refrigeration may not be needed under somecircumstances, such as coring in shallow water in the tropics.6.3 Equipment for Transporting Cores, used from the shipto a shore-based laboratory facility.6.3.1 PackingMater
34、ial to protect against vibration andshock, includes foam rubber.6.3.2 Insulation, if refrigeration is not used, either granule(bead) sheet, or foam type, to resist temperature change of soilor to prevent freezing.3Terzaghi, K. and Peck, R. B., Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice, 2nd ed.,Wiley, 1
35、967, p. 729.4Johns, M. W., Taylor, E., and Bryant, W. R., “Geotechnical Sampling andTesting of Gas-Charged Marine Sediments at In Situ Pressures,” Geo-MarineLetters, Vol 2, 1982, pp. 231236.5Lee, H. J., “State of the Art: Laboratory Determination of the Strength ofMarine Soils,” Strength Testing of
36、Marine Sediments, ASTM STP 883,ASTM, 1985,pp. 181250.D32130326.3.3 Shipping Containers, either box or cylindrical typeand of proper construction to protect against vibration, shock,and the elements. Refer to Practices D 4220.NOTE 8The length, girth, and weight restrictions for commercialtransportati
37、on must be considered.6.4 Equipment for Storing Cores, used at the shore-basedlaboratory facility.6.4.1 Refrigeration Unit, capable of maintaining a tempera-ture close to the in situ condition, see 6.2.11.6.4.2 Core Storage Boxes or Racks, capable of supportingall cores in the vertical orientation i
38、n which they wereobtained.NOTE 9An environment that is close to 100 % relative humidity maybe required to minimize sediment water loss during storage of samplesobtained within cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) liners unless they aretotally coated with impervious wax and plastic wrap. Other liner mate
39、rials,such as polycarbonate or polyvinyl chloride (PVC) may be more suitablefor sample storage because of their low water transmissibility.6.5 Equipment for Preparing Specimens, used for laboratorytesting.6.5.1 Thin-Walled Rings, made of stainless steel or othernoncorrosive metal or material, used t
40、o obtain samples forconsolidation or permeability testing.NOTE 10The sampling ring may also be used as the test confiningring. For size and deformation requirements of consolidation test ringsrefer to Test Methods D 2435 and D 4186. Because of the small height todiameter ratio of consolidation sampl
41、es and due to the nature ofconsolidation testing, the inside clearance ratio as specified by PracticeD 1587 can be reduced from 1 % to zero. The ring area ratio, Ar, equal to(Do2Di2)/Di2 3 100 (terms are defined in Practice D 1587) should beless than 13 % to minimize subsampling disturbance.66.5.2 T
42、hin-Walled Piston Subsampler, used to obtain triaxialtest specimens from soil that quickly deforms under its ownweight if left unsupported (see Fig. 1).NOTE 11To minimize soil disturbance, the sampler wall thicknessshould be the thinnest possible that will adequately obtain a test specimen.The area
43、ratio (see Note 10) should be less than 10 % and the insideclearance ratio (refer to Practice D 1587) should be zero.7. Hazards7.1 Preserving and transporting soil samples may involvepersonnel contact with hazardous materials, operations, andequipment. It is the responsibility of whoever uses thesep
44、ractices to consult and establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and to determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations and requirements prior to use.7.2 Special instructions, descriptions, and marking of con-tainers must accompany and be affixed to any sample containerthat may include
45、radioactive material, toxic chemicals, or otherhazardous materials.7.3 Interstate transportation, containment, storage, and dis-posal of soil samples obtained from certain areas within theUnited States and the transportation of foreign soils into orthrough the United States are subject to regulation
46、s establishedby the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and PlantHealth Service, Plant Protection, and Quarantine Programs,and possibly to regulations of other federal, state, or localagencies.8. Procedure8.1 Shipboard Handling of Soil Cores not Requiring Sub-sampling:8.1.1 Carefully bring soil s
47、ampling or coring device aboardship, avoid contact with either the side of the ship or moonpole, or dropping the device onto the deck during this process.For drop corers, have an end cap available to prevent materialfrom dropping out.NOTE 12Proper coring and sampling operations may not be possibledu
48、ring adverse weather conditions or sea states.8.1.2 Remove liner or core tube from soil sampling orcoring device.8.1.3 Sealing the Bottom of the Sample Liner:8.1.3.1 Either insert expandable packer and tighten (somesediment may have to be removed) or add wax at top andbottom of core in its tube.8.1.
49、3.2 Apply an end cap and securely tape in place withwaterproof electrical tape or duct tape. If the sample is to bestored for over 2 weeks prior to testing, insure that the tape iscompletely covered with wax by dipping the liner and end capinto a container of melted wax. Cover with plastic wrap priorto storage. Leakage or evaporation of pore water during storageis not acceptable.NOTE 13If an air void is present between the end of the liner and thesoil surface, cut the liner level with the soil surface prior to applying theend cap or fill the void with a nearly inc
