1、Designation: D 3217 07Standard Test Methods forBreaking Tenacity of Manufactured Textile Fibers in Loop orKnot Configurations1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3217; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisio
2、n, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of thebreaking tenacity of manufactured textile fibers taken
3、fromfilament yarns, staple, or tow fiber, either crimped or un-crimped, and tested in either a double loop or as a strandformed into a single overhand knot.1.2 Methods for measuring the breaking tenacity of condi-tioned and wet (immersed) fibers in loop and knot form areincluded.1.3 Elongation in lo
4、op or knot tests has no known signifi-cance, and is usually not recorded.1.4 The basic distinction between the procedures describedin these test methods and those included in Test MethodsD 2101 is the configuration of the specimen, that is, either as adouble loop or in the configuration of a single
5、overhand knot.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2
6、. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for TextilesD 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 1577 Test Methods for Linear Density of Textile FibersD 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD 2101 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Single
7、Man-Made Testile Fibers Taken From Yarns and Tows3D 2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for TestingD 3333 Practice for Sampling Manufactured Staple Fibers,Sliver, or Tow for TestingD 3822 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Single TextileFibersD 4849 Terminology Relating to Yarns and Fibers3. Terminol
8、ogy3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.58, Yarns andFibers, refer to Terminology D 4849.3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:breaking force, breaking tenacity, linear density for fiber andyarn, manufactured staple fiber, tenacity.3.2 For all other terminology related to textil
9、es, refer toTerminology D 123.4. Summary of Test Methods4.1 Single-fiber specimens in the form of a loop as de-scribed in 9.4.1 are broken on a constant-rate-of-extension typetesting machine at a predetermined rate of elongation and thebreaking force is determined.4.2 Single-fiber specimens in the f
10、orm of a knot as de-scribed in 9.4.2 are broken on a constant-rate-of-extension typetesting machine at a predetermined rate of elongation, and thebreaking force is determined.4.3 The breaking tenacity is calculated from the breakingforce registered on the force-elongation curve and the previ-ously d
11、etermined linear density.5. Significance and Use5.1 Both the loop breaking tenacity and the knot breakingtenacity, calculated from the breaking force measured underthe conditions specified herein and the linear density of thefiber, are fundamental properties that are used to establishlimitations on
12、fiber-processing and upon their end-use appli-cations. Physical properties, such as brittleness, not welldefined by tests for breaking force and elongation can beestimated from the ratio of breaking tenacity measured in loopor knot tests, or both, and the normal tenacity as measured byTest Method D
13、3822.5.2 This test method is not recommended for acceptancetesting of commercial shipments in the absence of reliableinformation on between-laboratory precision (see Note 3). Insome cases the purchaser and the supplier may have to test acommercial shipment of one or more specific materials by thebes
14、t available method, even though the method has not been1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 onTextiles and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns andFibers.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2007. Published January 2007. Originallyapproved in 1973
15、. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 3217 01a.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withd
16、rawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments.In such a case, if there is a disagreement arising fromdifferences in values reported by the purchaser and the supplierwh
17、en using this test method for acceptance testing, the statis-tical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser andthe laboratory of the supplier should be determined with eachcomparison being based on testing specimens randomly drawnfrom one sample of material of the type being evaluated.6
18、. Apparatus and Reagents6.1 Tensile Testing Machine, conforming to SpecificationD76 for Constant-Rate-of-Specimen-Extension-(CRE) typemachines, having a full-scale capacity ranging from 2 to 100 gand equipped with provisions for breaking fibers immersed ina liquid if such tests on a wet specimen are
19、 desired.6.2 Clamps, with flat jaws for gripping the fiber specimensdesigned to minimize slippage in the clamps during the tests, or6.2.1 Tabs, of thin plastic or other material for use withcementing techniques, and6.2.2 Cement or AdhesiveThe adhesive must bind the tabto the fiber without affecting
20、an appreciable solution of thelatter or any change in the moisture content of the specimen.6.3 Wetting Agent (0.1 % solution)Use a nonionic aque-ous solution.6.4 Jig, to aid in accurately mounting specimens on tabs atthe specified gage length.7. Sampling7.1 Lot SamplingAs a lot sample for acceptance
21、 testing,take at random the number of shipping containers directed inthe applicable material specification or other agreement be-tween the purchaser and the supplier, such as an agreement touse Practice D 3333 or Practice D 2258. Consider shippingcontainers to be the primary sampling units.NOTE 1An
22、adequate specification or other agreement between thepurchaser or the supplier requires taking into account the variabilitybetween shipping units, between packages, ends, or other laboratorysampling unit within a shipping unit if applicable, and within specimensfrom a single package, end, or other l
23、aboratory sampling unit to providea sampling plan with a meaningful producers risk, consumers risk,acceptable quality level, and limiting quantity level.7.2 Laboratory SampleAs a laboratory sample for accep-tance testing, take at random from each shipping container inthe lot sample the number of lab
24、oratory sampling units asdirected in an applicable material specification or other agree-ment between the purchaser and the supplier such as anagreement to use Practice D 3333 or Practice D 2258. Prefer-ably, the same number of laboratory sampling units are takenfrom each shipping container in the l
25、ot sample. If differingnumbers of laboratory sampling units are to be taken fromshipping containers in the lot sample, determine at randomwhich shipping containers are to have each number of labora-tory units drawn.7.2.1 For Staple FiberTake 50-g samples from laboratorysampling units.7.2.2 For Slive
26、r (or Top) or TowTake 1 m from theleading end which has a clean, uniform appearance.7.2.3 For YarnsPrepare at least a 50-m skein from eachpackage.7.3 Test SpecimensFrom each laboratory sampling unit,take ten specimens at random. If the standard deviationdetermined for the ten specimens is more than
27、a value agreedupon between the purchaser and the supplier, continue testingin groups of ten specimens from the same laboratory samplingunit in the container until the standard deviation for allspecimens tested is not more than the agreed to value or, byagreement, stop testing after a specified numbe
28、r.7.3.1 Carefully remove twist before taking specimens fromyarn. Using tweezers and grasping the specimens at the ends,gently remove the required number of specimens from thelaboratory sampling units for testing. In some cases, if speci-mens are not to be tested immediately, place them on anidentifi
29、ed short-pile of plush surface for storage until ready totest.8. Conditioning8.1 Precondition and condition the specimens, as directed inPractice D 1776.8.1.1 Specimens that are to be tested wet need not bepreconditioned or conditioned.9. Procedure9.1 Test Conditions:9.1.1 StandardTest the adequatel
30、y conditioned fibers inthe standard atmosphere for testing textiles which is 70 6 2F(21 6 1C) and 65 6 2 % relative humidity.9.1.2 WetImmerse the specimens in a 0.1 % solution of anonionic wetting agent for a minimum of 2 min before testing.To save time in the tensile testing machine, specimens whos
31、emoduli are not affected by moisture may be immersed inseparate container of solution while other specimens are beingbroken.9.2 Measure and record the individual linear densities of thefibers to be tested as directed in the vibroscope procedure ofTest Methods D 1577. Linear density of fibers for wet
32、 testingmust be determined before exposure to wetting bath.9.3 Set the gage length for a distance of 1 in. (25.4 mm)between the clamps.9.3.1 When tabs are cemented on the ends of the specimens,the specimen gage length shall be 1 in. (25.4 mm).9.4 Preparation and Mounting of Specimens:9.4.1 LoopForm
33、a double loop using two fiber specimensas shown in Fig. 1. Form a loop in Fiber A. Mount the ends ofthe loop, close together, in one of the clamps. Thread one endFIG. 1 Loop Specimen ConfigurationD3217072of Fiber B through the loop formed in Fiber A. Mount bothends of Fiber B, close together, in the
34、 other clamp removingslack without stretching the fibers. The intersection of the twofibers should be midway between the clamps.9.4.2 KnotForm a single overhand knot in a fiber speci-men as shown in Fig. 2. Mount the specimen with one end ineach of the clamps, removing slack without stretching the f
35、iber.The knot should be located midway between the clamps. Tabsmay be attached to the fibers to assist in holding the specimens.If tabs are used, they define the nominal gage length of the fiberspecimen and are best located with the aid of a jig. Be sure thatthe fiber specimen is centered in the cla
36、mp, that the clamps arealigned, and that there is no lateral motion of either clamp.9.5 Operate the testing machine so that the breaking forcefalls in a range from 20 to 80 % of full-scale capacity, and ata rate of extension of 100 % of the nominal gage length perminute (60 % per minute may be used
37、for experimentalpurposes without any significant effect upon the observedbreaking force of the test specimen). Start the machine andextend the specimen to the rupture point.9.5.1 Record which of the fibers in the looped pair breaks, ifonly one fiber breaks.9.5.2 If more than 5 % of the total number
38、of fibers testedbreak within 5 mm of the clamps, check the clampingmechanism for defects that might cause fiber damage.9.6 Measure straight breaking tenacity as specified in TestMethod D 3822 using a 1-in. (25.4-mm) gage length and100 % rate of extension, if requested.10. Calculation10.1 Loop Breaki
39、ng TenacityCalculate the loop breakingtenacity of the individual specimens, expressed in grams-forceper tex or millinewtons per tex, using Eq 1:Loop breaking tenacity, gf/tex 5 M/2L (1)where:M = breaking force, gf, andL = linear density of the specific specimen that brokeduring the test, tex.If both
40、 fibers break use the average tex.NOTE 2Millinewtons per tex equal grams-force per tex times 9.81.Grams-force per denier or millinewtons per denier may be calculated byusing denier rather than tex as the linear density of the specimens.10.1.1 Calculate the average loop breaking tenacity of allspecim
41、ens tested.10.1.2 Calculate the standard deviation or coefficient ofvariation, or both, if requested.10.2 Knot Breaking TenacityCalculate the knot breakingtenacity of the individual specimens, in grams-force per tex orin millinewtons per tex, using Eq 2 (Note 2):Knot breaking tenacity, gf/tex 5 M/L
42、(2)where:M = breaking force, gf, andL = linear density of the specimen, tex.10.2.1 Calculate the average knot breaking tenacity of allspecimens tested.10.2.2 Calculate the standard deviation or coefficient, orboth, if requested.10.3 Straight Breaking TenacityCalculate the straightbreaking tenacity o
43、f the individual specimens as directed inTest Methods D 2101, if requested.10.3.1 Calculate the average straight breaking tenacity of allthe specimens tested, if requested.10.3.2 Calculate the standard deviation or the coefficient ofvariation, or both, if requested.10.4 Calculate the ratio of breaki
44、ng tenacities of loop tostraight configurations, if requested.10.5 Calculate the ratio of breaking tenacities of knot tostraight configurations, if requested.11. Report11.1 State that the specimens were tested as directed in TestMethods D 3217. Describe the material or product sampled andthe method
45、of sampling used.11.2 Report the following information when applicable:11.2.1 Average breaking tenacity, gf/tex or mN/tex,11.2.2 Average loop breaking tenacity, gf/tex or mN/tex,11.2.3 Ratio of breaking tenacities of loop to straightconfigurations,11.2.4 Average knot breaking tenacity, gf/tex or mN/
46、tex,11.2.5 Ratio of breaking tenacities in knot to straight con-figurations,11.2.6 Standard deviation or coefficient of variation, orboth, for the properties measured,11.2.7 Rate of extension based on the nominal gage length,11.2.8 Nominal gage length used,11.2.9 Make and model of the testing machin
47、e used, and11.2.10 Conditions under which the specimens were tested,that is, standard, wet, other.12. Precision and Bias12.1 Interlaboratory Test DataAn interlaboratory test wasrun in 1969 and 1970 in which samples randomly drawn fromthree materials were tested in each of four laboratories. Eachlabo
48、ratory used one operator, each of whom tested 50 speci-mens of each material. The components of variance expressedas coefficients of variation were calculated to be the values inTable 1.12.2 PrecisionFor the components of variance in Table 2,two averages of observed values should be considered signi
49、fi-cantly different at the 95 % probability level if the differenceequals or exceeds the critical differences tabulated in Table 2.NOTE 3Since the interlaboratory tests included only four laboratories,FIG. 2 Knot Specimen ConfigurationD3217073between-laboratory precision data should be used with special caution.NOTE 4The tabulated values of the critical differences should beconsidered to be a general statement, particularly with respect to between-laboratory precision. Before a meaningful statement can be made abouttwo specific laboratories, the amount of sta
