1、Designation: D3487 09Standard Specification forMineral Insulating Oil Used in Electrical Apparatus1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3487; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision
2、. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers new mineral insulating o
3、il ofpetroleum origin for use as an insulating and cooling mediumin new and existing power and distribution electrical apparatus,such as transformers, regulators, reactors, circuit breakers,switchgear, and attendant equipment.1.2 This specification is intended to define a mineral insu-lating oil tha
4、t is functionally interchangeable and miscible withexisting oils, is compatible with existing apparatus and withappropriate field maintenance,2and will satisfactorily main-tain its functional characteristics in its application in electricalequipment. This specification applies only to new insulating
5、 oilas received prior to any processing.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D88 Test Method for Saybolt ViscosityD92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by ClevelandOp
6、en Cup TesterD97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D611 Test Methods for Aniline Point and Mixed AnilinePoint of Petroleum Products and Hydrocarbon SolventsD877 Test Method
7、for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage ofInsulating Liquids Using Disk ElectrodesD923 Practices for Sampling Electrical Insulating LiquidsD924 Test Method for Dissipation Factor (or Power Factor)and Relative Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Electri-cal Insulating LiquidsD971 Test Method for Interfaci
8、al Tension of Oil AgainstWater by the Ring MethodD974 Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color-Indicator TitrationD1275 Test Method for Corrosive Sulfur in Electrical Insu-lating OilsD1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and LiquidP
9、etroleum Products by Hydrometer MethodD1500 Test Method forASTM Color of Petroleum Products(ASTM Color Scale)D1524 Test Method for Visual Examination of Used Elec-trical Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin in the FieldD1533 Test Method for Water in Insulating Liquids byCoulometric Karl Fischer Titra
10、tionD1816 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage ofInsulating Oils of Petroleum Origin Using VDE ElectrodesD1903 Practice for Determining the Coefficient of ThermalExpansion of Electrical Insulating Liquids of PetroleumOrigin, and AskarelsD2112 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of InhibitedM
11、ineral Insulating Oil by Pressure VesselD2300 Test Method for Gassing of Electrical InsulatingLiquids Under Electrical Stress and Ionization (ModifiedPirelli Method)D2440 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of MineralInsulating OilD2668 Test Method for 2,6-di-tert-Butyl- p-Cresol and2,6-di-tert-Buty
12、l Phenol in Electrical Insulating Oil byInfrared AbsorptionD2717 Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of LiquidsD2766 Test Method for Specific Heat of Liquids and SolidsD3300 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage ofInsulating Oils of Petroleum Origin Under Impulse Con-ditions1This specificati
13、on is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D27 onElectrical Insulating Liquids and Gases and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-mittee D27.01 on Mineral.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2009. Published December 2009. Originallyapproved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D3487
14、 08.2Refer to American National Standard C 57.106. Guide for Acceptance andMaintenance of Insulating Oil in Equipment (IEEE Standard 64). Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, NewYork,NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit
15、the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
16、, United States.D4059 Test Method for Analysis of Polychlorinated Biphe-nyls in Insulating Liquids by Gas ChromatographyD4768 Test Method for Analysis of 2,6-Ditertiary-ButylPara-Cresol and 2,6-Ditertiary-Butyl Phenol in InsulatingLiquids by Gas ChromatographyD5837 Test Method for Furanic Compounds
17、in ElectricalInsulating Liquids by High-Performance Liquid Chroma-tography (HPLC)3. Terminology Definitions3.1 Type I Mineral Oilan oil for apparatus where normaloxidation resistance is required. Some oils may require theaddition of a suitable oxidation inhibitor to achieve this.3.2 Type II Mineral
18、Oilan oil for apparatus where greateroxidation resistance is required. This is usually achieved withthe addition of a suitable oxidation inhibitor.NOTE 1During processing of inhibited mineral oil under vacuum andelevated temperatures, partial loss of inhibitor and volatile portions ofmineral oil may
19、 occur. The common inhibitors, 2,6-ditertiary-butylpara-cresol (DBPC/BHT) and 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol (DPB), are morevolatile than transformer oil. If processing conditions are too severe,oxidation stability of the oil may be decreased due to loss of inhibitor. Theselectivity for removal of mois
20、ture and air in preference to loss of inhibitorand oil is improved by use of a low processing temperature.Conditions that have been found satisfactory for most inhibited mineraloil processing are:Minimum PressureTemperature, C Pa Torr, Approximate40 5 0.0450 10 0.07560 20 0.1570 40 0.380 100 0.7590
21、400 3.0100 1000 7.5If temperatures higher than those recommended for the operatingpressure are used, the oil should be tested for inhibitor content andinhibitor added as necessary to return inhibitor content to its initial value.Attempts to dry apparatus containing appreciable amounts of free waterm
22、ay result in a significant loss of inhibitor even at the conditionsrecommended above.3.3 additiveschemical substances that are added to min-eral insulating oil to achieve required functional properties.3.4 propertiesthose properties of the mineral insulatingoil which are required for the design, man
23、ufacture, andoperation of the apparatus. These properties are listed inSection 5.4. Sampling and Testing4.1 Take all oil samples in accordance with Test MethodsD923.4.2 Make each test in accordance with the latest revision ofthe ASTM test method specified in Section 5.4.3 The oil shall meet the requ
24、irements of Section 5 at theunloading point.NOTE 2Because of the different needs of the various users, itemsrelating to packaging, labeling, and inspection are considered to be subjectto buyer-seller agreement.NOTE 3In addition to all other tests listed herein, it is soundengineering practice for th
25、e apparatus manufacturer to perform anevaluation of new types of insulating oils in insulation systems, prototypestructures, or full-scale apparatus, or any combination thereof, to assuresuitable service life.4.4 Make known to the user the generic type and amount ofany additive used, for assessing a
26、ny potential detrimentalreaction with other materials in contact with the oil.5. Property Requirements5.1 Mineral insulating oil conforming to this specificationshall meet the property limits given inTable 1.The significanceof these properties is discussed in Appendix X2.D3487 092TABLE 1 Property Re
27、quirementsPropertyLimit ASTM TestMethodType I Type IIPhysical:Aniline point, C, min 63A63AD611Color, max 0.5 0.5 D1500Flash point, min, C 145 145 D92Interfacial tension at 25C, min, dynes/cm 40 40 D971Pour point, max, C 40B40BD97Relative Density (Specific gravity), 15C/15C max 0.91 0.91 D1298Viscosi
28、ty, max, cSt (SUS) at:100C 3.0 (36) 3.0 (36) D445 or D8840C 12.0 (66) 12.0 (66)0C 76.0 (350) 76.0 (350)Visual examination clear and bright clear and bright D1524Electrical:Dielectric breakdown voltage at 60 Hz:Disk electrodes, min, kV 30 30 D877VDE electrodes, min, kV 0.040-in. (1.02-mm) gap0.080-in
29、. (2.03-mm) gap20C35C20C35CD1816Dielectric breakdown voltage, impulse conditions D330025C, min, kV, needle negative to sphere grounded,1-in. (25.4-mm) gap145D145DGassing tendency, max, L/min +30 +30 D2300Dissipation factor (or power factor), at 60 Hz max, %: D92425C100C0.050.300.050.30Chemical:EOxid
30、ation stability (acid-sludge test) D244072 h:% sludge, max, by massTotal acid number, max, mg KOH/g0.150.50.10.3164 h:% sludge, max, by massTotal acid number, max, mg KOH/g0.30.60.20.4Oxidation stability (rotating bomb test), min, minutes 195 D2112Oxidation inhibitor content, max, % by mass 0.08F0.3
31、 D4768 or D2668GCorrosive sulfur noncorrosive D1275Water, max, ppm 35 35 D1533Neutralization number, total acid number, max, mgKOH/g0.03 0.03 D974PCB content, ppm not detectable not detectable D4059AThe value shown represents current knowledge.BIt is common practice to specify a lower or higher pour
32、 point, depending upon climatic conditions.CThese limits by Test Method D1816 are applicable only to as received new oil (see Appendix X2.2.1.2). A new processed oil should have minimum breakdown strengthsof 28 kV and 56 kV for a 0.04 in. (1.02 mm) or 0.08 in. (2.03 mm) gap respectively.DCurrently a
33、vailable oils vary in impulse strength. Some users prefer oil of a 145 kV minimum for certain applications, while others accept oil with impulse strength aslow as 130 kV for other applications.EFuranic compounds, as determined by Test Method D5837, are useful for assessing the level of cellulose deg
34、radation that has occurred in oil impregnated papersystems. Specifying maximum allowable furan levels in new oils for this purpose should be by agreement between user and supplier.FProvisions to purchase totally uninhibited oil shall be negotiated between producer and user.GBoth 2,6-ditertiary-butyl
35、 para-cresol (DBPC/BHT) and 2,6-ditertiary butylphenol (DBP) have been found to be suitable oxidation inhibitors for use in oils meeting thisspecification.Preliminary studies indicate both Test Methods D2668 and D4768 are suitable for determining concentration of either inhibitor or their mixture.D3
36、487 093APPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1. SUPPLEMENTARY DESIGN INFORMATIONX1.1 The following values are typical for presently usedmineral insulating oils. For oils derived from paraffinic ormixed-base crudes, the apparatus designer needs to know thatthese properties have not changed.Property Ty
37、pical ValuesASTM TestMethodCoefficient of expansion,/ Cfrom 25 to 100C0.0007 to 0.0008 D1903Property Typical ValuesASTM TestMethodDielectric constant, 25C 2.2 to 2.3 D924Specific heat, cal/g, 20C 0.44 D2766Thermal conductivity, cal/cmsC, from 20 to 100C(0.30 to 0.40) 3 103D2717X2. SIGNIFICANCE OF PR
38、OPERTIES OF MINERAL INSULATING OILX2.1 Physical PropertiesX2.1.1 Aniline PointThe aniline point of a mineral insu-lating oil indicates the solvency of the oil for materials that arein contact with the oil. It may relate to the impulse and gassingcharacteristics of the oil.X2.1.2 ColorA low color num
39、ber is an essential require-ment for inspection of assembled apparatus in the tank. Anincrease in the color number during service is an indicator ofdeterioration of the mineral insulating oil.X2.1.3 Flash PointThe safe operation of the apparatusrequires an adequately high flash point.X2.1.4 Interfac
40、ial TensionA high value for new mineralinsulating oil indicates the absence of undesirable polar con-taminants. This test is frequently applied to service-aged oils asan indicator of the degree of deterioration.X2.1.5 Pour PointThe pour point of mineral insulatingoil is the lowest temperature at whi
41、ch the oil will just flow andmany of the factors cited under viscosity apply. The pour pointof 40C may be obtained by the use of suitable distillates,refining processes, the use of appropriate long life additives, orany combination thereof. If a pour point additive is used, it isnecessary to make kn
42、own the amount and chemical composi-tion.X2.1.6 Relative Density (Specific Gravity)The specificgravity of a mineral insulating oil influences the heat transferrates and may be pertinent in determining suitability for use inspecific applications. In extremely cold climates, specificgravity has been u
43、sed to determine whether ice, resulting fromfreezing of water in oil-filled apparatus, will float on the oil andpossibly result in flashover of conductors extending above theoil level. See, for example, “The Significance of the Density ofTransformer Oils.”4X2.1.7 ViscosityViscosity influences the he
44、at transferand, consequently, the temperature rise of apparatus. At lowtemperatures, the resulting higher viscosity influences thespeed of moving parts, such as those in power circuit breakers,switchgear, load tapchanger mechanisms, pumps, and regula-tors. Viscosity controls mineral insulating oil p
45、rocessing con-ditions, such as dehydration, degassification and filtration, andoil impregnation rates. High viscosity may adversely affect thestarting up of apparatus in cold climates (for example, sparetransformers and replacements).X2.1.8 Visual ExaminationA simple visual inspection ofmineral insu
46、lating oil may indicate the absence or presence ofundesirable contaminants. If such contaminants are present,more definitive testing is recommended to assess their effect onother functional properties.X2.2 Electrical PropertiesX2.2.1 Dielectric Breakdown Voltage, 60 HzThe dielec-tric breakdown volta
47、ge of a mineral insulating oil indicates itsability to resist electrical breakdown at power frequencies inelectrical apparatus.X2.2.1.1 Dielectric BreakdownDisk ElectrodesThe testutilizing disk electrodes is useful in assessing the quality of themineral insulating oil as received in tank cars, tank
48、trucks, ordrums. It is not sensitive enough to determine if an oil meetsthe minimum acceptable breakdown strength needed for pro-cessed oil used in some equipment.X2.2.1.2 Dielectric BreakdownVDE ElectrodesTheVDE method (Test Method D1816) is sensitive to contami-nants, such as water, dissolved gase
49、s, cellulose fibers, andconductive particles in oil. Processing involves filtering, dehy-dration, and degassing, which generally improve the break-down strength of the oil. As a general guide, the moisture anddissolved gas content by volume in processed oils should beless 15 ppm and 0.5 % respectively. The minimum breakdownstrength for as received oils is typically lower than that ofprocessed oils because of higher levels of contaminants.X2.2.2 Dielectric Breakdown VoltageImpulseThe im-pulse strength of oil is critical in electr
