1、Designation: D3511/D3511M 101 D3511/D3511M 13Standard Test Method forPilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes ofTextile Fabrics: Brush Pilling Tester1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3511/D3511M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of or
2、iginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1 NOTEFig. 3 was updated editorially in September 2010 to show SI units f
3、ollowed by in./lb units in brackets.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the propensity of a fabric to form pills from fuzz under test conditions intendedto simulate normal wear using the brush pilling tester. This procedure is generally applicable to all types of apparel fabrics
4、including both woven and knitted fabrics.NOTE 1For other test methods for the pilling resistance of textiles, refer to Test Methods D3512, D3514, and D4970.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may not
5、be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibil
6、ityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD3512 Test Me
7、thod for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Random Tumble Pilling TesterD3514 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Elastomeric PadD4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test MethodsD4970 Test Method f
8、or Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Martindale Tester2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:3ADJD3512 Set of 5 Photographic Standards for Random Tumble Pilling Test3. Terminology3.1 For all terminology related to D13.59, Fabric Test Methods, General, see Terminology D4850.3.1.1 Th
9、e following terms are relevant to this standard: fuzz, pilling resistance, pills.3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, see Terminology D123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Pilling and other changes in surface appearance, such as fuzzing, which occur in normal wear are simulated on laborato
10、rytesting machines. Fabrics are subjected to simulated wear conditions: first brushing the specimens to free fiber ends that form fuzzon the surface of the fabric, then rubbing two of the specimens together in circular motion to roll the fiber ends into pills. The1 This test method is under the juri
11、sdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods, Specific.Current edition approved June 1, 2010Jan. 1, 2013. Published August 2010January 2013. Originally approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 20082010 asD3511 08
12、.D3511 101. DOI: 10.1520/D3511-10E01.10.1520/D3511_D3511M-13.2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM websi
13、te.3 Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. ADJD3512.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequa
14、tely depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocke
15、n, PA 19428-2959. United States1degree of fabric pilling is evaluated by comparing the tested specimens with visual standards, which may be actual fabrics orphotographs of fabrics, showing a range of pilling resistance. The observed resistance to pilling is reported using an arbitrary ratingscale.5.
16、 Significance and Use5.1 Acceptance TestingThis method of testing fabrics for resistance to pilling is not recommended for acceptance testing. Ifit is used for acceptance testing, it should be used with caution because interlaboratory data are not available. In some cases thepurchaser and the suppli
17、er may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available method,even though the method has not been recommended for acceptance testing.5.1.1 If there are differences or practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), compa
18、rativetests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As aminimum, the test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the material from which the disparatetest results were obtained, and randomly
19、 assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with establishedtest values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test forunpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If
20、a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected,or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.5.2 The pilling of textile fabrics is a very complex property because it is affected by many factors which may include type offiber or blends, fi
21、ber dimensions, yarn and fabric construction, fabric finishing treatments and refurbishing method. Testing beforerefurbishing may be adviseable. The pilling resistance of a specific fabric in actual wear varies more with general conditions ofuse and individual wearers than in replicate fabric specim
22、ens subjected to controlled laboratory tests. This experience should beborne in mind when adopting levels of acceptability for any series of standards.5.3 Pills vary appreciably in size and appearance and depend on the presence of lint and degree of color contrast. These factorsare not evaluated whe
23、n pilling is rated solely on the number of pills. The development of pills may be accompanied by othersurface phenomena such as loss of cover, color change, or the development of fuzz. Since the overall acceptability of a specificfabric is dependent on both the characteristics of the pills and the o
24、ther factors affecting surface appearance, it is suggested thatfabrics tested in the laboratory be evaluated subjectively with regard to their acceptability and not rated solely on the number ofpills developed. A series of standards, based on graduated degrees of surface change of the fabric type be
25、ing tested, may be setup to provide a basis for subjective ratings. The visual standards are most advantageous when the laboratory test specimenscorrelate closely in appearance with worn fabrics and show a similar ratio of pills to fuzz. Counting the pills and weighing theirnumber with respect to th
26、eir size and contrast, as a combined measure of pilling resistance, is not recommended because of theexcessive time required for counting, sizing, and calculation.5.4 The degree of fabric pilling is evaluated by comparing the tested specimens with visual standards, which may be actualfabrics or phot
27、ographs of fabrics, showing a range of pilling resistance. The observed resistance to pilling is reported on anarbitrary scale ranging from 5 (no pilling) to 1 (very severe pilling).5.5 This test method is applicable to a wide variety of woven and knitted fabrics that vary in pilling propensity as a
28、 result ofvariations in fiber, yarn eight per tester.6.1.2.2 Brush Strip HeightA height of 24 mm .94 in. with an overall height of 32 mm 1.25 in., including the backing butnot the 9C-7200 holders.6.1.2.3 Brush Bristles Black nylon, 0.25-mm 10-mil diameter.6.1.2.4 Brush Holders Fuller Brush No. 9C-72
29、00,5 2-strip channel, 790 mm 31 in. long.6.1.2.5 Brush Mounting 9C-7200 holders spaced 35 mm 1.37 in. center hole to center hole.6.1.2.6 Emery Paper 320 Grit for sanding brushes.6.1.2.7 Cleaning Solvent, acetone or other appropriate solvent to clean brushes (see 7.1 and 10.1.2).6.1.3 Specimen Holder
30、, (Fig. 2), six, each weighing 660 6 5 g, on which the fabric specimens are mounted. The face of theholders shall be covered with 3-mm 0.13 in thick by 108-mm 4.25-in. diameter soft cellular rubber to prevent specimen slippageduring testing.4 The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the c
31、ommittee at this time is Standard Scientific LLC, Bethlehem, PA. If you are aware of alternative suppliers,please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,which you may attend.App
32、aratus is commercially available.5 Apparatus is commercially available.D3511/D3511M 1326.2 Apparatus for Fabric Evaluation4(Fig. 3) Facilities for illumination (cool white fluorescent tube) and simultaneousviewing of test specimen and fabric or photographic rating standards. Apparatus and options fo
33、r visual evaluation are listed in Table1.6.3 Standard In-House Pilling Test Fabric, having an established pilling resistance rating, for checking machine performance.No universal standard fabric is available. Each test facility must decide on an appropriate fabric.6.4 Rating Standards:6.4.1 FabricA
34、series of tested specimens of a specific type in-house fabric, which shows degrees of pilling or other distortions,or both, for each type of fabric to be tested. Store the in-house fabric rating standards and handle them under conditions that willpreserve their original form and appearance.6.4.2 Pho
35、tographic A set of 5 photographs, 105 mm square 4.13 in., numbered 1 to 5, illustrating varying degrees of pillingfrom “very severe pilling” to “no pilling”, such as Adjunct D3512.6.4.3 Digital Imaging or Rating System, or both.6.5 Facilities for Laundering SamplesIf needed.6.6 Facilities for Drycle
36、aning SamplesIf needed.7. Hazardous Materials7.1 Solvents used in this test method may be hazardous. Refer to the manufacturers material safety data sheets for informationon use, handling, storage, and disposal of these products.8. Sampling8.1 Primary Sampling UnitConsider rolls of fabric or fabric
37、components of fabricated systems to be the primary samplingunit, as applicable.NOTE 2An adequate specification or other agreement between the purchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variability among rolls,bolts, or pieces of fabric and among specimens from a swatch of fabric fro
38、m a roll, bolt, or piece, or between cartons of garments and among garmentswithin a carton, to provide a sampling plan with a meaningful producers risk, consumers risk, acceptable quality level, and limiting quality level.8.2 Laboratory Sampling UnitFrom each primary sampling unit take one fullwidth
39、 piece of fabric that is 1 m 1 yd in lengthalong the selvage (machine direction), after first removing a 1 m 1 yd length. For fabric components of fabricated systems usethe entire system.8.2.1 For acceptance testing of garments, take one garment from each carton (see Note 2).9. Test Specimens: Selec
40、tion, Number, and Preparation9.1 Samples may be washed or dry cleaned before cutting the test specimens, using conditions appropriate for the fabric enduse or conditions agreed upon by all interested parties.FIG. 1 Brush Pilling TesterD3511/D3511M 1339.2 Cut specimens in squares 320 6 1 mm 9 6 0.05
41、in. with the sides parallel to the warp (wale) and filling (course) directionsor circles having a diameter of 175 6 2 mm 7 6 0.1 in.9.2.1 Take six specimens, two each from the right, center, and left areas of each laboratory sampling unit. Take the specimensevenly spaced across the width of the labo
42、ratory sample or from three different panels in a garment. Specimens should be staggeredFIG. 2 Specimen HolderNOTE 1Not drawn to scale.FIG. 3 Apparatus for Fabric EvaluationD3511/D3511M 134in such a manner that no specimens contain the same yarns. Avoid areas with wrinkles and other distortions. Avo
43、id getting oil,water, grease, etc. on the specimen when handling. Unless otherwise specified, do not cut specimens nearer the selvage than onetenth the width of the fabric.9.3 Mark warp (wale) and filling (course) direction on the edge of each specimen.9.3.1 Mark the replicate specimens as AL, BL; A
44、C, BC; and AR, BR with L, C, and R indicating left, center, and right areas ofthe fabric width.10. Preparation of Apparatus10.1 Maintenance Checks:10.1.1 Check the operation of the pilling tester with one or more standard in-house fabrics of known pilling resistance asdirected as follows:10.1.1.1 If
45、 the tester is in daily use, check the tester using the standard fabric(s) at least once a week.10.1.1.2 If testing is done infrequently, check the tester using the standard fabric(s) each time it is used.10.1.2 If the tester is used daily, clean the brushes with a suitable solvent such as acetone (
46、see 6.1), remove any lint with a handcard, and clip any protruding bristles at least once a week. If testing is done infrequently, check for these conditions before eachtesting session.10.2 Corrective Action:10.2.1 If the results obtained on the standard fabric are not in agreement with the establis
47、hed values, clean the brushes asdirected in 10.1.2.10.2.2 If cleaning fails to produce results which equate the established values, sand the brushes with emery paper mounted onthe specimen holders.10.2.3 Continue testing until results are acceptable, or until a replacement set of in-house standards
48、is established.11. Conditioning11.1 Bring the test specimens to moisture equilibrium for testing in the standard atmosphere for testing textiles as directed inPractice D1776 or, if applicable, in the specified atmosphere in which the testing is to be performed.12. Procedure12.1 Make all tests in the
49、 standard atmosphere for testing textiles.12.2 Place the brush board on the 19.0-mm 0.75-in. radius rotating platform with the bristles pointing upwards.12.3 Mount the six specimens on the six holders, fabric face exposed and under sufficient tension to prevent wrinkling. Placethe specimen holders over the vertical positioning pins so that the fabric face makes contact with the brush bristles.12.4 Brush the specimens 4 min 6 10 s.NOTE 3The test time intervals used should reproduce the appearance of actual wear as seen in ga
