1、Designation: D 3699 08An American National StandardStandard Specification forKerosine1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3699; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number i
2、n parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers two grades of kerosine suitablefor
3、use in critical kerosine burner applications:1.1.1 No. 1-KA special low-sulfur grade kerosine suitablefor use in nonflue-connected kerosine burner appliances andfor use in wick-fed illuminating lamps.1.1.2 No. 2-KA regular grade kerosine suitable for use influe-connected burner appliances and for us
4、e in wick-fedilluminating lamps.1.2 This specification is intended for use in purchasing, as areference for industry and governmental standardization, andas a source of technical information.1.3 This specification, unless otherwise provided by agree-ment between the purchaser and the supplier, presc
5、ribes therequired properties of kerosine at the time and place of custodytransfer.NOTE 1The generation and dissipation of static electricity can createproblems in the handling of kerosines. For more information on thesubject, see Guide D 4865.1.4 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observan
6、ceof federal, state, or local regulations which can be morerestrictive.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup TesterD86 Te
7、st Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products atAtmospheric PressureD 130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper fromPetroleum Products by Copper Strip TestD 156 Test Method for Saybolt Color of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Saybolt Chromometer Method)D 187 Test Method for Burning Quality of KerosineD 44
8、5 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D 1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products(Lamp Method)D 2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation FuelsD 2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Disper
9、sive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD 2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution ofPetroleum Fractions by Gas ChromatographyD 3227 Test Method for (Thiol Mercaptan) Sulfur in Gaso-line, Kerosine, Aviation Turbine, and Distillate Fuels(Potentiometric Method)D 3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by
10、 Small Scale ClosedCup TesterD 4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and PetroleumProducts by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-trometryD 4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of StaticElectricity in Petroleum Fuel SystemsD 4952 Test Method for Qualitative Analysis for ActiveSulfur Sp
11、ecies in Fuels and Solvents (Doctor Test)D 5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur inLight Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, DieselEngine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD 5901 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels(Automated Optical Method)D 5972 Test Me
12、thod for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels(Automatic Phase Transition Method)D 6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels andFuel Systems2.2 Energy Institute Standard:3IP 10 Burning Test24 Hour, Standard Methods for Analy-sis and Testing of Petroleum and Related Products, Vol 12.3 Other Document
13、s:41This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.E0.01 on Burner Fuels.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2008. Published September 2008. Originallyapproved in 1978. Last previous edition app
14、roved in 2007 as D 369907.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Energy Institute, 6
15、1 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR,U.K.4Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington, DC 20402.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-
16、2959, United States.26 CFR Part 48 Diesel Fuel Excise Tax; Dye, Color, andConcentration3. General Requirements3.1 Kerosine shall be a refined petroleum distillate consist-ing of a homogeneous mixture of hydrocarbons essentially freeof water, inorganic acidic or basic compounds, and excessiveamounts
17、of particulate contaminants. Additive usage can beestablished by mutual agreement of the supplier and thepurchaser.4. Detailed Requirements4.1 The kerosine shall conform to the detailed requirementsprescribed in Table 1.4.2 The kerosine shall conform to the following require-ments when tested for bu
18、rning quality as specified:4.2.1 Time of BurningA minimum of 16 h continuousburning after the first weighing shall be required.4.2.2 Rate of BurningAfter the first weighing, the rate ofburning shall be 18 to 26 g/h with Test Method IP 10.4.2.3 Appearance of Chimney at End of TestsThe chim-ney shall
19、have no more than a light, white deposit.4.2.4 Flame Characteristics at End of TestAt the end oftest, the width of the flame shall not vary by more than 6 mm,and the height of the flame shall not have lowered by more than5 mm from the respective measurements recorded at the start ofthe test.NOTE 2Th
20、e significance of ASTM specifications for kerosine isdiscussed in Appendix X1.5. Test Methods5.1 The requirements enumerated in this specification shallbe determined in accordance with the following ASTM meth-ods except as noted.5.1.1 Flash PointTest Method D56, except where othermethods are prescri
21、bed by law. Test Method D 3828 may beused as an alternate with the same limits. In case of a dispute,Test Method D56shall be used as the referee method.5.1.2 DistillationDistillation shall be determined in accor-dance with Test Methods D86or D 2887. Results from TestMethod D 2887 shall be reported a
22、s “Predicted D86” results byapplication of the correlation in Appendix X5 of Test MethodD 2887 to convert the values. In case of dispute, Test MethodD86shall be used as the referee test method.55.1.3 ViscosityTest Method D 445.5.1.4 SulfurTest Method D 1266. Test Methods D 2622,D 4294,orD 5453 can a
23、lso be used. In case of a dispute, TestMethod D 1266 is the referee sulfur test method for thisspecification.5.1.5 Mercaptan SulfurTest Method D 3227.5.1.6 Copper Strip CorrosionTest Method D 130, 3 h testat 100C.5.1.7 Freezing PointTest Method D 2386. Automatic TestMethods D 5901 and D 5972 can be
24、used as alternates with thesame limits. In case of a dispute, Test Method D 2386 shall beused as referee.5.1.8 Burning QualityTest Method D 187.5.1.9 Saybolt ColorTest Method D 156.6. Keywords6.1 fuel oil; kerosine; petroleum and petroleum products5Supporting data have been filed at ASTM Internation
25、al Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D021553.TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements for KerosinePropertyASTMTest MethodLimitAFlash Point C, min D56 38Distillation temperature, C D8610 % volume recovered, max 205Final boiling point, max 300Kinematic viscosity at 40C, mm2/s D 445
26、min 1.0max 1.9Sulfur, % mass D 1266No. 1-K, max 0.04No. 2-K, max 0.30Mercaptan sulfur, % mass, maxBD 3227 0.003Copper strip corrosion rating max,3 h at 100CD 130 No. 3Freezing point, C, max D 2386 30Burn QualityTime of Burning D 187 Minimum 16 h continuous after first weighingRate of Burning IP 10 1
27、8 to 26 g/h after first weighingChimney Appearance D 187 Maximum light white deposit (at end of test)Flame Characteristics(comparison of properties from beginningand end of test)D 187 Maximum variance of flame width6mmMaximum variance of flame height lowered5mmSaybolt color, min D 156 +16CATo meet s
28、pecial operating conditions, modifications of individual limiting requirements, except sulfur, can be agreed upon among purchaser, seller and manufacturer.BThe Mercaptan sulfur determination can be waived if the fuel is considered sweet by Test Method D 4952.CAppendixes X1.1 and X1.12 contain additi
29、onal information on color, red dye, and potential application problems.D3699082APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. SIGNIFICANCE OF STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR KEROSINEX1.1 ColorAn indication of the overall purity of theproduct, and is a useful parameter in ensuring the freedomfrom trace contaminat
30、ion with heavier products which mayrender the kerosine to be unsuitable for designated criticalapplications. Kerosine that is subjected to long term storage,excessive heat, or both, particularly in summer storage inabove ground tanks, can become unsuitable for use due todegradation and associated lo
31、ss of Saybolt Color quality. Somecontaminants can adversely affect the performance of kerosine,particularly in wick-fed, unvented applications like 1-K spaceheaters. Detection of these contaminants may require addi-tional testing, such as sulfur content or distillation. Unlessgross contamination is
32、present, these tests may not readilyidentify the presence of contamination.X1.1.1 Red DyeKerosine sold exempt from federal motorfuel excise tax sold from terminals may contain the dye SolventRed 164 at a concentration spectrally equivalent to 3.9 lb per1000 barrels of the solid dye standard Solvent
33、Red 26, whererequired in the United States of America (for example, by 26CFR Part 48). If clear, undyed fuel is desired for tax-exemptapplications, the Internal Revenue Service has provided otheroptions, such as blocked pumps, for consideration. The addi-tion of red dye makes it more difficult to de
34、tect contaminationby visual inspection. Kerosine subjected to dying must meetthe minimum Saybolt Color of +16 prior to the introduction ofred dye.X1.2 Mercaptan SulfurMercaptans are limited to pre-clude undesirable side-reactions and to minimize the unpleas-ant odor.X1.3 Doctor TestThe doctor test i
35、s an indirect indicationof Mercaptan levels.X1.4 SulfurLimited sulfur content of kerosine may berequired for special uses or to meet legal requirements forsulfur dioxide emissions.X1.5 DistillationAn indication of the volatility of a fuel.The maximum 10 % and final boiling point limits specifiedesta
36、blish a suitable boiling range to readily vaporize thekerosine in normal applications.X1.6 Flash PointThe flash point of kerosine is usedprimarily as an index of fire hazards. The minimum permis-sible flash point is usually regulated by federal, state, ormunicipal laws and is based on accepted pract
37、ice in handlingand use.X1.7 Freezing PointThe temperature at which crystals ofhydrocarbons formed on cooling disappear when the tempera-ture of the fuel is allowed to rise. The waxy crystals may clogthe wick in wick-fed systems and can block filter passages infuel handling systems.X1.8 ViscosityThe
38、measure of internal resistance to flow,and an indication of flowability and lubricity.X1.9 Burning QualityAn indication of the kerosine per-formance in critical applications. The inherent burning qualitypotential of the bulk fuel, as determined by conventionalparameters such as smoke point, luminome
39、ter number, orhydrogen content, cannot always be fully realized due to theadverse overriding effect of trace quantities of certain sulfur,oxygen, or nitrogen compounds that can be present in somekerosines. Thus, the burning quality of kerosine must beevaluated by designation of a suitable bench-type
40、 burning test.X1.9.1 Burning tests are essentially performance tests andare a direct method for determining the quality of the kerosinesfor the specific purpose for which they are intended. However,it is not possible to make tests in all kinds of commercialequipment, or under all the combinations of
41、 such factors aslocation, time, temperature, humidity, air currents, and clean-liness. These difficulties are partially overcome by selectingequipment for the burning test that is known to be severe (TestMethod D 187), and by extending the test beyond the typicaltime interval between cleanings of th
42、e lamp in its usual service.X1.9.2 The most important features in Test Method D 187are the shape and size of the flame. Changes in flame size orshape are generally caused by changes in the portion of thewick adjacent to the flame. Some wick crusts are bushy andincrease flame size; others tend to enc
43、lose the surface of thewick and cause flame shrinkage. The worst type of deposit is anirregular one, sometimes localized as mushroom formations,that produces a distorted flame and usually causes smoking,which is quite objectionable to the user.X1.9.3 The condition of the chimney at the end of thebur
44、ning test is also important. Illuminating kerosine should notcause objectionable smoke deposit on the chimney. An appre-ciable black sooty deposit is obviously objectionable, but theoperator must always assure himself that it is not caused bydrafts or improper testing techniques. A heavy whitish dep
45、ositnearly always forms when a new chimney is put into service.X1.10 CorrosionAn indication of the tendency to corrodecopper and copper-alloy components that may be present in thekerosine handling and burner systems.X1.11 Microbial ContaminationRefer to Guide D 6469for a discussion of this form of c
46、ontamination.X1.12 Potential Application ConcernsX1.12.1 Red DyeIt is recommended that 1-K kerosineused in unvented, wick-fed applications like space heaters beD3699083clear and undyed. Red dye can mask the presence of contami-nants like diesel. Some of these contaminants may adverselyaffect the per
47、formance of unvented, wick-fed space heaters.Elevated sulfur content, higher aromatics, and olefin content,associated with diesel contamination, are known to increaseperformance problems with wick-fed, unvented applicationsand can be detrimental to health. Additionally, insufficienthealth testing on
48、 red-dyed 1-K for use in unvented, wick-fedapplications, like 1-K space heaters, has also resulted in arecommendation for the exclusion of red-dyed 1-K usage atthis time. Once additional testing is conducted, a review will bemade and reconsideration given to red-dyed 1-K.X1.12.2 Other Additives and
49、Potential BlendingComponentsThrough field experiences and laboratory data,it has been demonstrated that certain additives or non-kerosineblending components, or both, can negatively impact burnquality performance in unvented, wick-fed space heaters.Negative performances have been observed in wick-fed appli-cations when 1K kerosine contains nitrate-containing cetaneimprovers at 500 wppm or higher, contains certain lubricityadditives at 5000 wppm or higher, and when biodiesel isblended at 20 vol% or higher. The listing of these materials andth
