1、Designation: D 3839 02e1An American National StandardStandard Guide forUnderground Installation of “Fiberglass” (Glass-FiberReinforced Thermosetting-Resin) Pipe1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3839; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal
2、adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defens
3、e.e1NOTETable 3 was editorially revised in November 2003.1. Scope1.1 This practice establishes procedures for the burial ofpressure and nonpressure “fiberglass” (glass-fiber-reinforcedthermosetting-resin) pipe in many typically encountered soilconditions. Included are recommendations for trenching,
4、plac-ing pipe, joining pipe, placing and compacting backfill, andmonitoring deflection levels. Guidance for installation offiberglass pipe in subaqueous conditions is not included.1.2 Product standards for fiberglass pipe encompass a widerange of product variables. Diameters range from 1 in. to 12 f
5、t(25 mm to 3600 mm) and pipe stiffness range from 9 to over72 psi (60 to 500 kPa) with internal pressure ratings up toseveral thousand pound-force per square inch. This standarddoes not purport to consider all of the possible combinations ofpipe, soil types, and natural ground conditions that may oc
6、cur.The recommendations in this practice may need to be modifiedor expanded to meet the needs of some installation conditions.In particular, fiberglass pipe with diameters of a few inches aregenerally so stiff that they are frequently installed in accor-dance with different guidelines. Consult with
7、the pipe manu-facturer for guidance on which practices are applicable to theseparticular pipes.1.3 The scope of this practice excludes product-performance criteria such as a minimum pipe stiffness, maxi-mum service deflection, or long-term strength. Such param-eters may be contained in product stand
8、ards or designspecifications, or both, for fiberglass pipe. It is incumbent uponthe specified product manufacturer or project engineer to verifyand ensure that the pipe specified for an intended application,when installed in accordance with procedures outlined in thispractice, will provide a long-te
9、rm, satisfactory performance inaccordance with criteria established for that application.NOTE 1There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard.NOTE 2A discussion of the importance of deflection and a presenta-tion of a simplified method to approximate field deflections are given inAWWA Manual of Prac
10、tice M45 Fiberglass Pipe Design.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitati
11、ons prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 8 Terminology Relating to Materials for Roads and Pave-ments2D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluids3D 698 Test Method for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft (600kN-
12、m/m)3D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics4D 1556 Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil inPlace by the Sand-Cone Method3D 1557 Test Method for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56 000 ft-lbf/ft (2 700kN-m/m)3D 2167 Test Method for Density and Unit Weigh
13、t of Soil inPlace by the Rubber Balloon Method3D 2216 Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Water(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock3D 2321 Practice for Underground Installation of FlexibleThermoplastic Pipe for Sewers and Other Gravity-FlowApplications5D 2487 Classification of Soils for Engin
14、eering Purposes5D 2488 Practice for Description of Soils (Visual-ManualProcedure)31This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.23 on Reinforced Plastic PipingSystems and Chemical Equipment.Current edition approved Dec.
15、 10, 2002. Published July 2003. Originallypublished as D 3839 79. Last previous edition D 3839 94a.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.03.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.5Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.04.1Copyright ASTM International, 10
16、0 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 2922 Test Methods for Density of Soil and Soil-Aggregate in Place by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)3D 3017 Test Method for Moisture Content of Soil andSoil-Aggregate in Place by Nuclear Methods (ShallowDepth)3D 4253
17、 Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and UnitWeight of Soils Using a Vibratory Table3D 4254 Test Method for Minimum Index Density and UnitWeight of Soils and Calculation of Relative Density3D 4318 Test Method for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, andPlasticity Index of Soils3D 4564 Test Method for Den
18、sity of Soil in Place by theSleeve Method3D 4643 Method for Determination of Water (Moisture)Content of Soil by the Microwave Oven Method3D 4914 Test Method for Density of Soil and Rock in Placeby the Sand Replacement Method in a Test Pit3D 4944 Test Method for Field Determination of Water(Moisture)
19、 Content of Soil by the Calcium Carbide GasPressure Tester Method6D 4959 Test Method for Determination of Water (Moisture)Content of Soil by Direct Heating Method6D 5030 Test Methods for Density and Unit Weight of Soiland Rock in Place by the Water Replacement Method in aTest Pit6D 5080 Test Method
20、for Rapid Determination of PercentCompaction6F 412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems52.2 Other Standards:AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 2nd Edition,American Association of State Highway and Transporta-tion Officials7AAHSTO M145 Classification of Soils and Soil AggregateMixtur
21、es7AWWA C 950 American Water Works Association StandardSpecification for Fiberglass Pressure Pipe8AWWA Manual of Practice M45 Fiberglass Pipe DesignManual83. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 GeneralUnless otherwise indicated, definitions arein accordance with Terminologies D 8, D 653, D 883, andF 41
22、2.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: Descrip-tions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 beddingbackfill material placed in the bottom of thetrench or on the foundation to provide a uniform material onwhich to lay the pipe.3.2.2 deflectionany change in the inside diameter of thep
23、ipe resulting from installation or imposed loads, or both;deflection may be either vertical or horizontal and is usuallyreported as a percentage of the nominal inside pipe diameter.3.2.3 engineerthe engineer in responsible charge of thework or his duly recognized or authorized representative.3.2.4 f
24、iberglass pipea tubular product containing glass-fiber reinforcements embedded in or surrounded by curedthermosetting resin; the composite structure may containaggregate, granular, or platelet fillers, thixotropic agents, pig-ments, or dyes; thermoplastic or thermosetting liners or coat-ings may be
25、included.3.2.5 final backfillbackfill material placed from the top ofthe initial backfill to the ground surface.3.2.6 finessoil particles that pass a No. 200 seive.3.2.7 foundationin situ soil or, in the case of unsuitableground conditions compacted backfill material, in the bottomof the trench the
26、supports the bedding and the pipe (see Fig. 1).3.2.8 geotextileany permeable textile material used withfoundation, soil, earth, rock, or any other geotechnical engi-neering related material, as an integral part of a man-madeproduct, structure, or system.3.2.9 haunchingbackfill material placed on top
27、 of thebedding and under the springline of the pipe; the termhaunching only pertains to soil directly beneath the pipe (seeFig. 1).3.2.10 initial backfillbackfill material placed at the sidesof the pipe and up to 6 to 12 in. (150 to 300 mm) over the topof the pipe, including the haunching.3.2.11 man
28、ufactured aggregatesaggregates that are prod-ucts or by-products of a manufacturing process, or naturalaggregates that are reduced to their final form by a manufac-turing process such as crushing.3.2.12 maximum standard Proctor densitythe maximumdry unit weight of soil compacted at optimum moisturec
29、ontent, as obtained by laboratory test in accordance with TestMethod D 698.6Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.09.7Available from American Association of State Highway and TransportationOfficials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001.8Available from American Water Work
30、s Association (AWWA), 6666 WestQuincy Ave., Denver CO 80235. FIG. 1 Trench Cross-Section TerminologyD 3839 02e123.2.13 native (in situ) soilnatural soil in which a trench isexcavated for pipe installation or on which a pipe andembankment are placed.3.2.14 open-graded aggregatean aggregate that has a
31、particle-size distribution such that, when compacted, the re-sulting voids between the aggregate particles, expressed as apercentage of the total space occupied by the material, arerelatively large.3.2.15 optimum moisture contentthe moisture content ofsoil at which its maximum density is obtained. (
32、See TestMethod D 698.)3.2.16 pipe zone embedmentall backfill around the pipe;this includes the bedding, haunching, and initial backfill.3.2.17 processed aggregatesaggregates which arescreened or washed or mixed or blended to produce a specificparticle-size distribution.3.2.18 relative densitya measu
33、re of the density of agranular soil based on the actual density of the soil “relative”to the soil in its loosest state and the soil in its densest state (seeTerminology D 653 for a precise definition) as obtained bylaboratory testing in accordance with Test Methods D 4253 andD 4254.3.2.19 soil stiff
34、nessa property of soil, generally repre-sented numerically by a modulus of deformation that indicatesthe relative amount of deformation that will occur under agiven load.3.2.20 split installationan installation in which the initialbackfill consists of two different materials; the first materialexten
35、ds from the top of the bedding to a depth of at least 0.6times the diameter and the second material extends to the topof the initial backfill.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice is for use by designers and specifiers,manufacturers, installation contractors, regulatory agencies,owners, and inspe
36、ction organizations involved in the construc-tion of buried fiberglass pipelines. As with any practice,modifications may be required for specific job conditions, orfor special local or regional conditions. Recommendations forinclusion of this practice in contract documents for a specificproject are
37、given in Appendix X1.5. Materials5.1 ClassificationSoil types used or encountered in bury-ing pipes include those classified in Table 1 and natural,manufactured, and processed aggregates. The soil classifica-tions are grouped into soil-stiffness categories (SC#) in Table 2based on the typical soil s
38、tiffness when compacted. CategorySC1 indicates a soil that generally provides the highest soilstiffness at any given percentage of maximum Proctor density,and a soil that provides a given soil stiffness with the leastcompactive effort. Each higher-number soil-stiffness categoryprovides successively
39、less soil stiffness at a given percentage ofmaximum Proctor density and requires greater compactiveeffort to provide a given level of soil stiffness.NOTE 3See Practices D 2487 and D 2488 for laboratory and fieldvisual-manual procedures for identification of soils.NOTE 4Processed materials produced f
40、or highway construction, in-cluding coarse aggregate, base, subbase, and surface coarse materials,when used for foundation, embedment, and backfill, should be categorizedin accordance with this section and Table 1 in accordance with particlesize and gradation.5.2 Installation and UseTable 3 provides
41、 recommenda-tions on installation and use based on soil-stiffness categoryand location in the trench. Categories SC1 to SC4 should beused as recommended in Table 3. Soil-stiffness Category 5,including clays and silts with liquid limits greater than 50,organic soils, and frozen soils, shall be exclud
42、ed from thepipe-zone embedment.5.2.1 Soil-Stiffness Category 1 (SC1)SC1 materials pro-vide maximum stability and pipe support for a given percentcompaction due to the low content of sand and fines. Withminimum effort these materials can be installed at relativelyhigh-soil stiffnesses over a wide ran
43、ge of moisture contents. Inaddition, the high permeability of SC1 materials may aid in thecontrol of water, and these materials are often desirable forembedment in rock cuts where water is frequently encountered.However, when ground-water flow is anticipated, consider-ation should be given to the po
44、tential for migration of finesfrom adjacent materials into the open-graded SC1 materials.(See 5.5.)5.2.2 Soil-Stiffness Category 2 (SC2)SC2 materials, whencompacted, provide a relatively high level of pipe support;however, open-graded groups may allow migration and thesizes should be checked for com
45、patibility with adjacent mate-rial; see 6.5.5.2.3 Soil-Stiffness Category 3 (SC3)SC3 materials pro-vide less support for a given density than SC1 or SC2materials. Higher levels of compactive effort are required andmoisture content must be near optimum to minimize compac-tive effort and achieve the r
46、equired density. These materialsprovide reasonable levels of pipe support once proper densityis achieved.5.2.4 Soil-Stiffness Category 4 (SC4)SC4 materials re-quire a geotechnical evaluation prior to use. Moisture contentmust be near optimum to minimize compactive effort andachieve the required dens
47、ity. Properly placed and compacted,SC4 materials can provide reasonable levels of pipe support;however, these materials may not be suitable under high fills,surface-applied wheel loads, or under high-energy-level vibra-tory compactors and tampers. Do not use where water condi-tions in the trench may
48、 prevent proper placement and compac-tion.NOTE 5The term “high energy level vibratory compactors andtampers” refers to compaction equipment that might deflect or distort thepipe more than permitted by the specifications or the manufacturer.5.2.5 Soil-Stiffness Category 5 (SC5) SC5 materialsshould be
49、 excluded from pipe-zone embedment.5.3 Moisture Content of Embedment MaterialsThe mois-ture content of embedment materials must be controlled topermit placement and compaction to required levels. Fornon-free draining soils (that is, SC3 and SC4 and someborderline SC2 soils), moisture content is normally controlledto 63 % of optimum (see Test Method D 698). The practicalityof obtaining and maintaining the required limits on moisturecontent is an important criterion for selecting materials, sinceD 3839 02e13failure to achieve required density, esp
