1、Designation: D3951 10D3951 15Standard Practice forCommercial Packaging1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3951; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses in
2、dicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This practice establishes minimum requirements for packaging of supplies
3、and equipment, exclusive of ammunition,explosives, or hazardous materials, as covered in Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3 This standard does not purport
4、 to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D996 Ter
5、minology of Packaging and Distribution EnvironmentsD1974D1974/D1974M Practice for Methods of Closing, Sealing, and Reinforcing Fiberboard BoxesD4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Containers and SystemsD4727/D4727M Specification for Corrugated and Solid Fiberboard Sheet Stock (Containe
6、r Grade) and Cut ShapesD5118/D5118M Practice for Fabrication of Fiberboard Shipping BoxesD5168 Practice for Fabrication and Closure of Triple-Wall Corrugated Fiberboard ContainersD5445 Practice for Pictorial Markings for Handling of GoodsD6039/D6039M Specification for Open and Covered Wood CratesD62
7、51/D6251M Specification for Wood-Cleated Panelboard Shipping BoxesD6254/D6254M Specification for Wirebound Pallet-Type Wood BoxesD6255/D6255M Specification for Steel or Aluminum Slotted Angle CratesD6256/D6256M Specification for Wood-Cleated Shipping Boxes with Skidded, Load-Bearing BasesD6880D6880/
8、D6880M Specification for Wood BoxesD7478/D7478M Specification for Heavy Duty Sheathed Wood Crates2.2 Code of Federal Regulations:3Title 49 Transportation (Parts 100 to 199)2.3 Military and Federal Standards:4MIL-STD-129 Military Marking for Shipment and StorageMIL-STD-20731 Standard Practice for Mil
9、itary PackagingFED-STD-123 Marking for Shipment (Civil Agencies)2.4 International Standards:5ISPM Publication No. 15 Regulation of Wood Packaging Material in International Trade (International Standards forPhytosanitary Measures (ISPM)1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 o
10、n Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.27 on MiscellaneousPackagingFiberboard Shipping Containers, Containerboard and Related Structures and Materials.Current edition approved Aug. 15, 2010Dec. 1, 2015. Published September 2010February 2016. Originally approved in 1980. Las
11、t previous edition approved in 20042010as D3951 98 (2004).D3951 10. DOI: 10.1520/D3951-10.10.1520/D3951-15.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standa
12、rds Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.4 Available from DocumentAutomation and Production Service, Building 4/D, 700 RobbinsAvenue, Philadelphia, PA19111-5094,. http:/assist.daps.dla.mil/quicks
13、earch5 Available from the International Plant Protection Convention at http:/www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/plants/plant_exports/wpm/index.shtml.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the pr
14、evious version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM
15、International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminology3.1 Terminology found in Terminology D996 shall apply.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 CONUSContinental United States (excluding Hawaii and Alaska).3.2.2 immediate
16、 useused or consumed within seven days of receipt.3.2.3 safe deliveryin packagingdelivery of a shipment to its destination with minimal damage to the package and no damageto the contents.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice covers the requirements for the commercial preservation, packaging, pack
17、ing (exterior container), unitization,and marking for supplies and equipment. It provides for multiple handling and shipment by any mode, and storage periods of aminimum of one year in enclosed facilities without damage to the product. It also provides for package quantities suitable forredistributi
18、on without additional repackaging or marking. Planned storage that exceeds one year requires more than minimumrequirements for physical and mechanical protection.4.2 This practice is applicable to Department of Defense shipments for:4.2.1 Items intended for immediate use;4.2.2 Items for not-mission-
19、capable supply;4.2.3 Items intended for depot operational consumption;4.2.4 Small parcel shipments (CONUS), not-for-stock; and4.2.5 Direct vendor deliveries (CONUS ONLY).4.3 All other Department of Defense shipments shall be in accordance with MIL-STD-20731.5. Requirements5.1 GeneralThe following re
20、quirements, unless specifically changed by the contract or order, shall apply. Suppliers areencouraged to use advanced packaging technology.5.1.1 PackagingPreservation, packaging, packing, and marking furnished by the suppliers shall meet or exceed the followingminimum requirements:5.1.1.1 Cleanline
21、ssItems shall be free of dirt and other contaminants which would contribute to deterioration of the item orwhich would require cleaning by the customer prior to use. Coatings and preservatives applied to the item for protection are notconsidered contaminants.5.1.1.2 PreservationItems susceptible to
22、corrosion or deterioration shall be provided protection such as preservative coatings,barrier protection, volatile corrosion inhibitors, or desiccated unit packs.5.1.1.3 CushioningItems requiring protection from physical and mechanical damage or which are fragile shall be protectedby wrapping, cushi
23、oning, pack compartmentization, cartonizing, or other means to mitigate shock and vibration to prevent damageduring handling and shipment.5.1.1.4 Loose-fill Cushioning/Dunnage Loose-fill material shall be prohibited for all Department of Defense (DoD) and/orGeneral Services Administration (GSA) ship
24、ments and shipments to aerospace facilities.5.1.2 Unit Package:5.1.2.1 Unit Package A unit package shall be so designed and constructed that it will contain the contents with no damageto them, and with minimal damage to the unit pack during shipment and storage in the shipping container configuratio
25、n, and shallallow subsequent handling.5.1.2.2 Unit Package QuantityUnless otherwise specified in the contract or purchase order, the unit package quantity shall beone each part, set, or assembly, except for small lightweight items, for example, industrial hardware, which will be unit packagedin quan
26、tities that are standard in the trade and suitable for retail sales. Single items weighing over 5 lb shall be individuallypackaged.5.1.2.3 Bulk packaging shall be specifically excluded unless specified in the contract or purchase order.5.1.3 Intermediate Package:5.1.3.1 The use of intermediate packa
27、ging is encouraged particularly when such use enhances handling and storage.5.1.4 Packing:5.1.4.1 Unit packages and intermediate packages not meeting the requirements for a shipping container shall be packed inshipping containers.5.1.4.2 Shipping ContainersThe shipping container (including any neces
28、sary blocking, bracing, cushioning, or waterresistance) shall comply with the regulations of the carrier used and shall provide safe delivery to the destination. The shippingcontainer shall be capable of multiple handling and storage periods at a minimum of one year in enclosed facilities without da
29、mageto the product. Table 1 provides suggested size and weight limits for shipping containers and may be used for unit and intermediatepackages when specifying a fiberboard container, wood box, or crate.5.1.4.3 All containers shall be tested to meet Practice D4169 test standards when specified in th
30、e contract or purchase order.D3951 1525.1.5 UnitizationShipments should be considered for unitization where appropriate or as specified in the contract or purchaseorder. Unitization encompasses, but is not limited to, bundling, consolidation in a container, or placement on a pallet.5.1.6 Marking:5.1
31、.6.1 Unit and Intermediate MarkingMarking for the unit and intermediate container shall mean those used in thecommercial distribution or over-the-counter retail sales. The markings shall be sufficient to clearly and visibly identify the contentsof the package. When the unit or intermediate container
32、 is also the shipping container the requirements of 5.1.6.2 shall apply.Unless otherwise specified in the contract/purchase order, the following are the minimum requirements:(1) Part number and/or UPC barcode part number,(2) Product name or nomenclature,(3) Quantity and unit of issue,(4) Manufacture
33、 retail markings,(5) Country of origin marking,(5) Shelf-life markings (expiration date/inspection date/date of manufacture), if applicable,(6) Storage legends, if applicable, and(7) Precautionary markings, if applicable.5.1.6.2 Shipping Container MarkingsAll markings shall be legible, durable, and
34、identify the contents of the package, and ifrequired, include pictorial markings as identified in Practice D5445. Unless otherwise specified in the contract /purchase order, thefollowing are the minimum requirements:(1) Consignee and consignor address,(2) Applicable precautionary markings,(3) Part n
35、umber and/or UPC barcode part number,(4) Product name or nomenclature,(5) Quantity and unit of issue,(6) Manufacturer retail markings,(7) Contract number/purchase order number,(8) Country of origin marking,(8) Shelf-life marking (expiration date/inspection date/date of manufacture), if applicable,(9
36、) Storage legends, if applicable, and(10) Precautionary markings, if applicable.5.1.6.3 Unitization MarkingsAll desired markings shall be as specified in the contract /purchase order. All markings shall belegible, durable, and identify the contents of the shipment unit, and if required, include pict
37、orial markings as identified in PracticeD5445.5.1.6.4 Wood Packaging Material (WPM)If wood packaging material is used for export from or import to the United States,the supplier shall comply with the requirements of ISPM Publication No. 15.5.1.6.5 Container Markings for DoDFor all shipments to the D
38、epartment of Defense, the marking shall be in accordance withMIL-STD-129. Any additional marking requirements shall be specified in the contract or purchase order.5.1.6.6 Container Markings for Government Civil AgenciesFor all shipments to government civil agencies, such as theGeneral Services Admin
39、istration (GSA), the marking shall be in accordance with FED-STD-123. Any additional markingrequirements shall be specified in the contract or purchase order.5.1.6.7 Items without Adequate Surface for LabelsItems without adequate surface for labels shall be marked in accordancewith 5.1.6.1 by means
40、of a tag securely affixed to the item.TABLE 1 Weight and Size Limits of Shipping ContainersContainer Standard Maximum Outside Dimensions,length + width + depthMaximum Weight ofBoxes and Contents (lb)Practice D5118/D5118M SW Corrugated $40 and #105 in.DW Corrugated $85 and #120 in.#120#180Practice D5
41、168 TW Corrugated $110 and #125 in. #300Specification D6251/D6251MA As required #1000Specification D6880A As required #1000Specification D6880/D6880MA As required #1000Specification D6256/D6256MA #16 ft #2500Specification D6254/D6254MA As required #2500Specification D6255/D6255MA As required #3000Sp
42、ecification D6039/D6039MA As required #4000Specification D7478/D7478MA 30 ft L 9 ft W 10 ft H #30 000A Containers with length and width greater than 48 in. shall be designed with four-way entry lift capability. Containers with gross weight over 100 lb shall have 2-way forkliftentry at a minimum.D395
43、1 1536. Options6.1 Export ShipmentsWhen permitted by the contract or purchase order, this practice may be used for export shipments whenfavorable conditions are provided, such as containerization media and enclosed areas of receiving.Additional preservation methodsand the use of weather-resistant gr
44、ades may be required to ensure the packaging successfully protects the item in the exportshipping environment. Ensure unit, intermediate and shipping containers are weather-resistant grades when shipping overseas.Containers should be sealed as opposed to closed (see Practice D1974D1974/D1974M).7. Pe
45、rformance Testing7.1 The use of Practice D4169 shall be required when determining the performance level of a shipping unit.7.2 The supplier shall be responsible for requirements specified herein and in the contract or purchase order. The purchaserreserves the right to perform any or all of the tests
46、.7.2.1 Packaging used shall successfully pass the test levels of Practice D4169, Distribution Cycle 1. Export shipments shall alsopass the test levels of Distribution Cycles 15, 16, or 17 as appropriate. Assurance Level II shall be used. Acceptance shall becriterion I, no product damage.7.3 Packagin
47、g shall be capable of successfully passing the test levels of Practice D4169 Distribution Cycle 18 for shipmentsdestined for delivery to the Department of Defense.7.3.1 Shipments destined for delivery to an overseas location as defined in the contract shall meet Assurance Level I.7.3.2 Shipments des
48、tined for delivery to customers within the continental United States shall meet Assurance Level II.8. Keywords8.1 commercial packaging; intermediate; packaging; preservation; unit packageAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. SELECTION AND USE OF INTERNAL CUSHIONING AND DUNNAGE MATERIALSX1.1 ScopeX1.
49、1.1 This appendix covers guidelines for the selection and use of cushioning and dunnage material for the protection of goodsduring handling and transportation. These packaging materials must be selected appropriately for known handling andtransportation conditions, end use, and the product characteristics being packaged. It is common for a transport package to bedropped and otherwise impacted. These events may produce potentially damaging shocks. Transportation vibration fromconveyors, trucks, railroads, or aircraft can also damage some items. Sh
