1、Designation: D 3966 07Standard Test Methods forDeep Foundations Under Lateral Load1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3966; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in p
2、arentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 The test methods described in this standard measure thelateral deflection of a vertical or inclined deep foundation whensubjected to lateral loa
3、ding. These methods apply to all deepfoundations, referred to herein as “pile(s),” that function in amanner similar to driven piles or cast in place piles, regardlessof their method of installation, and may be used for testingsingle piles or pile groups. The test results may not representthe long-te
4、rm performance of a deep foundation.1.2 These test methods provide minimum requirements fortesting deep foundations under lateral load. Plans, specifica-tions, provisions, or combinations thereof prepared by aqualified engineer may provide additional requirements andprocedures as needed to satisfy t
5、he objectives of a particulartest program. The engineer in responsible charge of thefoundation design, referred to herein as the engineer, shallapprove any deviations, deletions, or additions to the require-ments of these test methods.1.3 These test methods allow the following test procedures:Proced
6、ure Test SectionA Standard Loading 8.1.2B Excess Loading (optional) 8.1.3C Cyclic Loading (optional) 8.1.4D Surge Loading (optional) 8.1.5E Reverse Loading (optional) 8.1.6F Reciprocal Loading (optional) 8.1.7G Specified Lateral Movement (optional) 8.1.8H Combined Loading (optional) 8.1.91.4 Apparat
7、us and procedures herein designated “optional”may produce different test results and may be used only whenapproved by the engineer. The word “shall” indicates amandatory provision, and the word “should” indicates arecommended or advisory provision. Imperative sentencesindicate mandatory provisions.1
8、.5 A qualified geotechnical engineer should interpret thetest results obtained from the procedures of these test methodsso as to predict the actual performance and adequacy of pilesused in the constructed foundation. See Appendix X1 forcomments regarding some of the factors influencing theinterpreta
9、tion of test results.1.6 A qualified engineer shall design and approve all load-ing apparatus, loaded members, support frames, and testprocedures. The text of these test methods references notes andfootnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes andfootnotes (excluding those in tables and
10、figures) shall not beconsidered as requirements of the test methods. These testmethods also include illustrations and appendices intendedonly for explanatory or advisory use.1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineac
11、h system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.8 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is usedwhen dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the p
12、ound(lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for massis slugs. The rationalized slug unit is not given, unless dynamic(F=ma) calculations are involved.1.9 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPractice D 6
13、026.1.10 The method used to specify how data are collected,calculated, or recorded in these test methods is not directlyrelated to the accuracy to which the data can be applied indesign or other uses, or both. How one applies the resultsobtained using this standard is beyond its scope.1.11 ASTM Inte
14、rnational takes no position respecting thevalidity of any patent rights asserted in connection with anyitem mentioned in this standard. Users of this standard are1These test methods are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soiland Rock and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.
15、11 on DeepFoundations.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2007. Published October 2007. Originallyapproved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 1995 as D 3966 90 (1995)which was withdrawn in December 2003 and reinstated in September 2007.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this
16、standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.expressly advised that determination of the validity of any suchpatent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, areentirely their own responsibility.1.12 This standa
17、rd does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 AST
18、M Standards:2A 36/A 36M Specification for Carbon Structural SteelA 240/A 240M Specification for Chromium andChromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and Stripfor Pressure Vessels and for General ApplicationsA 572/A 572M Specification for High-Strength Low-AlloyColumbium-Vanadium Structural Stee
19、lD 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 1143 Test Method for Piles Under Static Axial Compres-sive Load3D 3689 Test Methods for Deep Foundations Under StaticAxial Tensile LoadD 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil
20、 and Rockas Used in Engineering Design and ConstructionD 5882 Test Method for Low Strain Impact Integrity Test-ing of Deep FoundationsD 6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechni-cal DataD 6760 Test Method for Integrity Testing of Concrete DeepFoundations by Ultrasonic Crosshole Testing
21、2.2 American Society of Mechanical Engineer Standards:4ASME B30.1 JacksASME B40.100 Pressure Gauges and Gauge AttachmentsASME B46.1 Surface TextureASME B89.1.10.M Dial Indicators (For Linear Measure-ments)3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor common definitions of terms used inthis standard see Terminolo
22、gy D 653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 cast in-place pile, na deep foundation unit made ofcement grout or concrete and constructed in its final location,e.g. drilled shafts, bored piles, caissons, auger cast piles,pressure-injected footings, etc.3.2.2 deep foundation, na r
23、elatively slender structuralelement that transmits some or all of the load it supports to soilor rock well below the ground surface, such as a steel pipe pileor concrete drilled shaft.3.2.3 driven pile, na deep foundation unit made of pre-formed material with a predetermined shape and size andtypica
24、lly installed by impact hammering, vibrating, or pushing.3.2.4 failure load, nfor the purpose of terminating alateral load test, the test load at which continuing, progressivemovement occurs, or as specified by the engineer.3.2.5 wireline, na steel wire mounted with a constanttension force between t
25、wo supports and used as a reference lineto read a scale indicating movement of the test pile.4. Significance and Use4.1 Field tests provide the most reliable relationship be-tween the lateral load applied to a deep foundation and theresulting lateral movement. Test results may also provideinformatio
26、n used to assess the distribution of lateral resistancealong the pile shaft and the long-term load-deflection behavior.A foundation designer may evaluate the test results to deter-mine if, after applying an appropriate factor of safety, the pileor pile group has an ultimate lateral capacity and a de
27、flectionat service load satisfactory to satisfy specific foundationrequirements. When performed as part of a multiple-pile testprogram, the designer may also use the results to assess theviability of different piling types and the variability of the testsite.4.2 The analysis of lateral test results
28、obtained using properinstrumentation helps the foundation designer characterize thevariation of pile-soil interaction properties, such as the coeffi-cient of horizontal subgrade reaction, to estimate bendingstresses and lateral deflection over the length of the pile for usein the structural design o
29、f the pile.4.3 If feasible, without exceeding the safe structural load onthe pile(s) or pile cap, the maximum load applied should reacha failure load from which the engineer may determine theultimate lateral load capacity of the pile(s). Tests that achievea failure load may help the designer improve
30、 the efficiency ofthe foundation by reducing the piling length, quantity, or size.4.4 If deemed impractical to apply lateral test loads to aninclined pile, the engineer may elect to use lateral test resultsfrom a nearby vertical pile to evaluate the lateral capacity ofthe inclined pile.NOTE 1The qua
31、lity of the result produced by this test method isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competentand objective testing/sampling/inspect
32、ion/etc. Users of this test methodare cautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not in itselfassure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; PracticeD 3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.5. Test Foundation Preparation5.1 Excavate or fill the test are
33、a to the final grade elevationwithin a radius of 6 m (20 ft) from the test pile or group usingthe same material and backfilling methods as for productionpiles. Cut off or build up the test pile(s) as necessary to permitconstruction of the load-application apparatus, placement ofthe necessary testing
34、 and instrumentation equipment, andobservation of the instrumentation. Remove any damaged orunsound material from the pile top as necessary to properly2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStan
35、dards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.4Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASMEInternational Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http:/www.asme.org.D3966072install the apparatus for measuri
36、ng movement, for applyingload, and for measuring load.5.2 For tests of single piles, install solid steel test plate(s) atleast 50 mm (2 in.) thick against the side of the pile at thepoint(s) of load application and perpendicular to the line of theload action. The test plate shall have side dimension
37、s not morethan, and not less than one half of, the diameter or sidedimension of the test pile(s). The test plate(s) shall span acrossand between any unbraced flanges on the test pile.5.3 For tests on pile groups, cap the pile group withsteel-reinforced concrete or a steel load frame designed andcons
38、tructed to safely sustain and equally distribute the antici-pated loads. The connection between the piles and the cap shallsimulate in-service conditions. Pile caps shall be cast abovegrade unless otherwise specified and may be formed on theground surface.5.4 For each loading point on a pile cap, pr
39、ovide a solidsteel test plate oriented perpendicular to the axis of the pilegroup with a minimum thickness of 50 mm (2 in.), as neededto safely apply load to the pile cap. Center a single test plate onthe centroid of the pile group. Locate multiple test platessymmetrically about the centroid of the
40、pile group.5.5 To minimize stress concentrations due to minor irregu-larities of the pile surface, set test plates bearing on precast orcast-in-place concrete piles in a thin layer of quick-setting,non-shrink grout, less than 6 mm (0.25 in.) thick and having acompressive strength greater than the te
41、st pile at the time of thetest. Set test plates designed to bear on a concrete pile cap in athin layer of quick-setting, non-shrink grout, less than 6 mm(0.25 in.) thick and having a compressive strength greater thanthe pile cap at the time of the test. For tests on steel piles, or asteel load frame
42、, weld the test plates to the pile or load frame.For test piles without a flat side of adequate width to mount thetest plate, cap the head of the pile to provide a bearing surfacefor the test plate or set the test plate in high-strength grout. Inall cases, provide full bearing for the test plate aga
43、inst theprojected area of the pile.5.6 Elimination of Pile Cap Friction (optional)Provide aclear space beneath the pile cap as specified by the engineer.This option isolates the lateral response of the piles from thatof the pile cap.5.7 Passive Soil Pressure Against Pile Cap (optional)Develop passiv
44、e soil pressure against the pile cap by construct-ing the pile cap below the ground surface and backfilling withcompacted fill on the side opposite the point of load applica-tion, or by constructing the pile cap above the ground surfaceagainst an embankment. If specified, place compacted againstthe
45、sides of the pile cap to the extent practicable.NOTE 2Deep foundations sometimes include hidden defects that maygo unnoticed prior to static testing. Low strain integrity tests as describedin Test Method D 5882 and ultrasonic crosshole integrity tests asdescribed in Test Method D 6760 may provide a
46、useful pre-test evaluationof the test foundation.6. Apparatus for Applying and Measuring Loads6.1 General:6.1.1 The apparatus for applying tensile loads to a test pileor pile group shall conform to one of the methods described in6.3-6.6. Unless otherwise specified, construct the test apparatusso tha
47、t the resultant loads are applied horizontally, at approxi-mately pile cut-off elevation, and in line with the centralvertical axis of the pile or pile group so as to minimizeeccentric loading and avoid a vertical load component.NOTE 3For lateral tests on inclined pile frames or pile groupsinvolving
48、 inclined piles, consider applying the lateral test loads at theactual or theoretical point of intersection of the longitudinal axis of thepiles in the frame or group.6.1.2 Struts and BlockingStruts shall be of steel and ofsufficient size and stiffness to transmit the applied test loadswithout bendi
49、ng or buckling. Blocking used between reactionpiles or between the hydraulic jack and the reaction systemshall be of sufficient size and strength to prevent crushing orother distortion under the applied test loads.6.1.3 Reaction piles, if used, shall be of sufficient numberand installed so as to safely provide adequate reaction capacitywithout excessive movement. When using two or more reac-tion piles at each end of the test beam(s), cap or block them asneeded to develop the reaction load. Locate reaction piles sothat resultant test beam load supported by them acts at the
