1、Designation: D 4060 07Standard Test Method forAbrasion Resistance of Organic Coatings by the TaberAbraser1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4060; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determinatio
3、n of the resis-tance of organic coatings to abrasion produced by the TaberAbraser on coatings applied to a plane, rigid surface, such as ametal panel.1.2 Because of the poor reproducibility of this test method,it should be restricted to testing in only one laboratory whennumerical abrasion resistanc
4、e values are to be used. Interlabo-ratory agreement is improved significantly when rankings ofcoatings are used in place of numerical values.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard, with the exception of mils when determining coatingthickness. The values given in parenthe
5、ses are for informationonly.1.4 This standard is similar in content (but not technicallyequivalent) to ISO 77842.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate sa
6、fety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 823 Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thicknessof Paint, Varnish, and Related Products on Test PanelsD 968 Test Methods for Abrasion Resistance of Org
7、anicCoatings by Falling AbrasiveD 1005 Test Method for Measurement of Dry-Film Thick-ness of Organic Coatings Using MicrometersD 2240 Test Method for Rubber PropertyDurometerHardnessD 3924 Specification for Environment for Conditioning andTesting Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related MaterialsD 7091
8、Practice for Nondestructive Measurement of DryFilm Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied toFerrous Metals and Nonmagnetic, Nonconductive Coat-ings Applied to Non-Ferrous Metals2.2 Other Standards:ISO 77842 Paints and varnishesDetermination of resis-tance to abrasionPart 2: Rotating abrasive rubb
9、er wheelmethod33. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 Abrasion resistance can be expressed as one or moreof the following terms:3.1.2 wear index, n1000 times the loss in weight inmilligrams per cycle.3.1.3 weight loss, nthe loss in weight in milligrams,determined at a
10、 specified number of cycles.3.1.4 wear cycles per mil, nthe number of cycles ofabrasion required to wear a film through to the substrate per milof film thickness.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The organic coating is applied at uniform thickness to aplane, rigid panel and, after curing, the surface is
11、abraded byrotating the panel under weighted abrasive wheels.4.2 Abrasion resistance is calculated as loss in weight at aspecified number of abrasion cycles, as loss in weight percycle, or as number of cycles required to remove a unit amountof coating thickness.5. Significance and Use5.1 Coating on s
12、ubstrates can be damaged by abrasionduring manufacturing and service. This test method has beenuseful in evaluating the abrasion resistance of attached coat-ings. Ratings produced by this test method have correlated wellwith ratings produced by the falling abrasive values in TestMethods D 968.1This
13、test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paintand Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D01.23 on Physical Properties of Applied Paint Films.Current edition approved June 1, 2007. Published June 2007. Originallyapproved in
14、 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 4060 01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3A
15、vailable from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United S
16、tates.5.2 For some materials, abrasion tests utilizing the Taberabraser may be subject to variation due to changes in theabrasive characteristics of the wheel during testing. Dependingon abradant type and test specimen, the wheel surface maychange (that is, become clogged) due to the pick-up of coat
17、ingor other materials from test specimens and must be refaced atmore frequent intervals as agreed upon by the interestedparties. To determine if more frequent refacing is required, plotthe total weight loss every 50 cycles. If a significant negativechange in slope is observed prior to 500 cycles, th
18、e point atwhich the slope changes determines the refacing frequency.6. Apparatus6.1 Taber Abraser,4consisting of the following elements:6.1.1 Ahorizontal turntable platform; comprised of a rubberpad, clamp plate, and nut to secure the specimen to theturntable,6.1.2 A motor capable of rotating the tu
19、rntable platform at aspeed of either 72 6 2 r/min for 110v/60Hz or 60 6 2 r/min for230v/50Hz,6.1.3 A pair of pivoted arms, to which the abrasive wheelsand auxiliary masses may be attached; loads of 250, 500, or1000 g on each wheel may be obtained by use of thesechangeable masses. Counterweight attac
20、hments of 125 or 175g are available to reduce the load against the specimen, and canbe used with or without the accessory masses,NOTE 1Without auxiliary masses or counterweights, each arm willapply a load against the specimen of 250 g per wheel (exclusive of themass of the wheel itself).6.1.4 A vacu
21、um suction system and vacuum pick-up nozzleto remove debris and abrasive particles from the specimensurface during testing. The height of the vacuum pickup nozzleshall be adjustable, and the nozzle openings shall be 8 mm (516in.) in diameter. The vacuum system shall operate when testingcommences.6.1
22、.5 A counter to record the number of cycles (revolutions)made by the turntable platform.6.2 Abrasive WheelsResilient Calibrase wheels No.CS-10 or CS-17, as required, shall be used unless otherwiseagreed upon by the interested parties. Because of the slowhardening of the bonding material resilient wh
23、eels should notbe used after the date marked on them, or one year after theirpurchase if the wheels are not dated.6.2.1 The wheels shall be 12.7 6 0.3 mm thick and have anexternal diameter of 51.9 6 0.5 mm when new, and in no caseless than 44.4 mm.NOTE 2The hardness of the wheels can be checked by T
24、est MethodD 2240. Measure at least four points equally spaced on the side surface ofthe wheel. The reading shall be taken 10 s after full application of thepressure, and then averaged. An acceptable hardness for both types ofwheels is 81 6 5 units on Shore Durometer A-2 Scale.NOTE 3The CS-17 wheels
25、produce a harsher abrasion than the CS-10wheels.6.3 Resurfacing Medium, an S-11 abrasive disk, used forresurfacing the abrasion wheels.7. Test Specimens7.1 Apply a uniform coating of the material to be tested toa rigid panel having both surfaces substantially plane andparallel. Specimens shall be a
26、disk or a square plate with a 6.5mm (14) hole centrally located on each panel. Typical dimen-sions for a test panel are 100 mm in diameter or 100 by 100mm. Thickness of the specimen should be no greater than 6.3mm (14) unless as S-21 extension nut4or arm height extensionkit4is utilized. Prepare a mi
27、nimum of two coated panels for thematerial.NOTE 4The coatings should be applied in accordance with PracticesD 823, or as agreed upon between the interested parties.NOTE 5The thickness of the dry coatings should be measured inaccordance with Test Methods D 1005 or Practice D 7091.NOTE 6For those mate
28、rials greater than 6.3 mm (14 in.) but less than12.7 mm (12 in.) thick, the S-21 extension nut may be used to affix thespecimen to the turntable. This requires a 9.5 mm (38 in.) center hole in thespecimen. Alternatively, an arm height extension kit will permit testing ofspecimens up to 40 mm (112 in
29、.) thick and requires the center hole to be14.5 mm (916 in.).8. Calibration8.1 Verify calibration of the Taber abraser as directed by theequipment manufacturer (see Appendix X1).9. Standardization9.1 To ensure that the abrading function of the wheels ismaintained at a constant level, prepare the abr
30、ading wheelsprior to each test.9.1.1 Mount the selected abrasive wheels on their respectiveflange holders, taking care not to handle them by their abrasivesurfaces.9.1.2 A load of 1000 g (per wheel) should be used, unlessotherwise agreed upon by the interested parties.9.1.3 Mount the resurfacing med
31、ium (S-11 abrasive disk) onthe turntable. Lower the abrading heads carefully until thewheels rest squarely on the abrasive disk. Place the vacuumpickup nozzle in position and adjust it to a distance of 6.5 mm(14 in.), or as agreed upon between buyer and seller, above theabrasive disk.9.1.4 Set the c
32、ounter to “zero” and set the vacuum suctionforce to 100. The vacuum suction force may be decreased ifagreed upon by the interested parties.9.1.5 Resurface the wheels by running them 50 cyclesagainst the resurfacing medium. WarningDo not brush ortouch the surface of the wheels after they are refaced.
33、NOTE 7The wheels shall be resurfaced in this manner before testingeach specimen and after every 500 cycles.10. Conditioning10.1 Cure the coated panel under conditions of humidityand temperature as agreed upon between the interested parties.10.2 Unless otherwise agreed upon between the interestedpart
34、ies, condition the coated panel for at least 24 h at 23 6 2C(73.4 6 3.6F) and 50 6 5 % relative humidity. Conduct thetest in the same environment or immediately on removaltherefrom.4Available from Taber Industries, 455 Bryant St., North Tonawanda, NY 14120.D406007211. Procedure11.1 Weigh the test sp
35、ecimen to the nearest 0.1 mg andrecord this weight, if either the wear index or the weight lossis to be reported.11.2 When wear cycles per mil is required, measure thecoating thickness of the test specimen on four points along thepath to be abraded and take the average of the readings.11.3 Mount the
36、 test specimen on the abraser turntableplatform with the side to be abraded facing up. Secure usingthe clamp plate and nut. Place the abrading heads on the testfilm and the vacuum pick-up nozzle in position as outlined in9.1.3. Affix the auxiliary masses as outlined in 9.1.2. Set thecounter and vacu
37、um suction as outlined in 9.1.4.NOTE 8To generate a uniform wear pattern, specimen surfaces mustbe plane and parallel. If a sample is slightly warped, the model E140-14Rimmed Specimen Holder with Ring Clamp5or similar may be used. Thisholder clamps the sample against a flat rigid plate about the per
38、imeter ofthe sample.NOTE 9If using a dual table abraser and the second table is not in use,mount a sample to the table and set the vacuum nozzle height as stated in9.1.3.11.4 Subject the test specimen to abrasion for the specifiednumber of cycles or until wear through of the coating isobserved. In d
39、etermining the point of wear through, stop theinstrument at intervals for examination of the test specimen.11.5 Remove any loose abradings remaining on the testspecimen by light brushing. Reweigh the test specimen.11.6 Repeat 11.1-11.5 on at least one additional test speci-men of the material under
40、test.12. Calculation12.1 Wear IndexCompute the wear index, I, of a testspecimen as follows:I 5A 2 B! 1000C(1)where:A = weight of test specimen before abrasion, mg,B = weight of test specimen after abrasion, mg, andC = number of cycles of abrasion recorded.NOTE 10In calculating wear index it may be a
41、dvisable to discard thelast 200 cycles because the results may be affected by abrasion of theexposed substrate.12.2 Weight LossCompute weight loss, L, of the testspecimen as follows:L 5 A 2 B (2)where:A = weight of test specimen before abrasion, mg, andB = weight of test specimen after abrasion, mg.
42、12.3 Wear Cycles Per MilCompute the wear cycles permil, W, of the test specimen as follows:W 5 D/T (3)where:D = number of cycles of abrasion required to wear coatingthrough to substrate andT = thickness of coating, mils (0.001 in.) (to one decimalplace).NOTE 11In calculating the wear cycles, it is a
43、dvisable to discard thefirst and last readings because the first may be affected by an unevensurface and the last by abrasion of parts of the substrate.13. Report13.1 Report the following information for each test mate-rial:13.1.1 Temperature and humidity during conditioning and atthe time of testin
44、g,13.1.2 Thickness of coating when wear cycles are specified,13.1.3 Type of abrasive wheels used and frequency ofrefacing if different then Note 7,13.1.4 Load applied to the abrasive wheels (per arm),13.1.5 Vacuum nozzle height,13.1.6 Vacuum suction setting,13.1.7 Number of wear cycles recorded for
45、each test speci-men,13.1.8 Wear index, weight loss, or wear cycles per mil foreach test specimen, and13.1.9 Mean and range of the abrasion resistance values ofthe replicate coated panels.14. Precision and Bias514.1 The precision of this test method is based on aninterlaboratory study of Test Method
46、D 4060 - 01, conducted in2006. Seven laboratories tested five materials. Each “testresult” represented an individual determination. Every labora-tory obtained five replicate samples for each material.514.1.1 RepeatabilityTwo test results obtained within onelaboratory shall be judged not equivalent i
47、f they differ by morethan the “r” value for that material given in Table 1; “r” is theinterval representing the critical difference between two testresults for the same material, obtained by the same operator,using the same equipment, in the same laboratory, on the sameday.14.1.2 ReproducibilityTwo
48、test results shall be judged notequivalent if they differ by more than the “R” value for thatmaterial given in Table 1; “R” is the interval representing thedifference between two test results for the same material,obtained by different operators, using different equipment, indifferent laboratories.1
49、4.1.3 Any judgment in accordance with these two state-ments has approximately a 95 % probability of being correct.14.1.4 The precision statement was determined throughstatistical analysis of 173 results, from seven laboratories, onfive materials.NOTE 12Versions of this test method issued before 2001 specified avacuum nozzle height of 1 mm above the specimen surface. This was notthe intent of the equipment manufacturer, as it could cause variation in thevacuum pick-up efficiency across the radius of the abrasion track. The data5Supporting data h
