1、API PUBL*YLOB 7Y 0732290 0545385 448 I Users Guide: Evaluation of Sediment Toxicity Tests for Biomonitoring Programs HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT API PUBLICATION NUMBER 4608 NOVEMBER 1994 Envrrmmmtal Parinrrhp American Petroleum Institute 1220 L Street, Northwest 11 Washington, D.C.
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15、ISE DURING THIS STUDY AND IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS REPORT API STAFF CONTACT Alexis E. Steen, Health and Environmental Sciences Department MEMBERS OF THE BIOMONITORING TASK FORCE Philip B. Dom, Ph.D., Shell Development Company Jerry E Hall, Ph.D., Texaco Research W. Raymon Arnold, Ph.D., Exxon Biom
16、edical Sciences, Inc. Shiv Baloo, Amoco Oil Company Janis M. Farmer, BP America Research regulatory requirements at federal, state, and local levels; and specific objectives for a monitoring program. Procedures for selecting sediment toxicity tests for use in biomonitoring programs are outlined in t
17、his section. First, the factors to be considered in test selection are defined. Second, the steps for selecting a test or battery of tests for application at a given site are described. DEFINITION OF SELECTION CRITERIA The selection of sediment toxicity tests for use in a biomonitoring program depen
18、ds on site-specific characteristics, regulatory requirements, and other factors that are important in test evaluation (Table 7). Many of the decisions based on these factors may be constrained by technical specifica- tions of a permit or monitoring program require- ments. OVERVIEW OF TEST SELECTION
19、PROCESS The process for selecting the most appropriate sediment test for a given study is illustrated in the decision tree shown in Figure 1. As users progress through each decision point within the tree, the number of candidate tests is reduced until the final sediment test(s) have been selected. H
20、abitats and endpoints desired for the biomonitoring program should be matched to one of the six tables for test selection (Tables 1 through 6). Information on biotic group and geographic range for each of the tests is found in Appendix D of the Technical Resource Document. Also included in Appendix
21、D are important comments regarding sensitivity to chemicals and interferences that, when combined with the known chemical and physical characteristics of the study site, provide critical information in the selection process. An overview of how to use the decision-making framework in selecting toxici
22、ty tests is provided in the following sections. Site Characteristics A review of available information on the character- istics of the discharge site to be monitored and the organisms living at the study site is the fundamental first step in the selection process. Available data on site-specific che
23、micals and physical properties of the sediments can be useful in selecting test species that are sensitive to the presence of the site-specific chemicals, yet have minimal interferences to other properties of the sediment (e.g., grain size, organic carbon, ammonia). Knowing what organisms live at th
24、e study site can help guide the selection of appropriate species. If, for example, polychaete worms and bivalves dominate the benthic commu- nity in a marine study area and echinoderms (sea urchins and sand dollars) are absent, it is likely that the most appropriate test would include either polycha
25、etes or bivalves as receptors, not echinoderms. Other important information that should be assembled includes regional water quality data, sediment characteristics, habitat types, and seasonal patterns in biological or physical/chemical characteristics. Regulatory Requirements An equally important s
26、tep in the selection of sedi- ment toxicity tests is a thorough understanding of the applicable reguiatoy requirements that are driving the testing program. Regulatory programs frequently include explicit requirements that imme- diately limit the field of potential toxicity tests. These confining fa
27、ctors can include specifications for lethal or sublethal tests, exposure duration, seasons for testing, single species vs. a battery of species for testing, and data quality objectives. Guidelines for selecting toxicity tests can also be included as part of regulatory programs. Knowl- edge of the re
28、gulatory requirements or guidelines 12 API PUBLJ4608 94 0732270 0545205 Ob6 TABLE 7. SELECTION OF SEDIMENT TOXICITY TESTS Decision Factor Alternatives Objectives Regulatory Requirements Geographic Zone Habitat Type Biotic Group SpeciedLife Stage Exposure Duration Endpoint Habitat Groupa Exposure Med
29、iuma Potential Interferencesa Single species vs. test battery Season(s) for testing Site-specific chemicals, receptors, and sediment types Data quality objectives Various state and EPA regulations West Coast (north or south) East Coast (north or south) Gulf Coast (east or west) Marine Estuarine Fres
30、hwater Bacteria Polychaete Eukaryotic cells Oligochaete Algae Mollusc Vascular plant Echinoderm Crustacean Amphibian Insect Fish Nematode Various species Gametes Em bryodlarvae Juveniles Adults Acute Chronic Lethal Sublethal Infauna Epifauna Planktonlnekton Whole sediment Sediment elutriate Intersti
31、tial water Sediment extract Grain size Organic carbon Acid-volatile sulfides Ammonia Mold, oathonens Note: EPA - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency a These decision factors were considered in ranking sediment toxicity tests. All other factors should be explicitly considered when selecting the sedi
32、ment toxicity tests on a site-specific basis. 13 API PUBL*4608 94 0732290 0545206 TT2 W Review Site Characteristics Acute Lethal Chronic Sublethal Analyze Regulatory Requirements - Marine - Freshwater Define System - Estuarine - Marine Lethal - Marine Sublethal Select - Estuarine Lethal Test Table -
33、 Estuarine Sublethal - - Freshwater Lethal - Freshwater Sublethal Il Geographic Zone Identify Highest Ranked Tests Do Selected Tests Meet Regulatory -+U Requirements? Perform Selected Tests Define Disadvantages of Regulatory Tests Define Advantages of Selected Tests Negotiate with Regulatory Agency
34、Figure 1. Approach to selection of sediment toxicity tests for a specific site. 14 API PUBL*4608 94 0732290 0545207 939 = for these or other toxicity test parameters is funda- mental to the ultimate selection of the appropriate test. It is also important to have a full understand- ing of these regul
35、atory requirements so that they can be evaluated in the context of the overall decision framework. Selection of Evaluation Tables Based on the habitat (marine, estuarine, or fresh- water) and endpoint type (lethal and sublethal), one or more of the evaluation tables (Tables 1 through 6) is used to s
36、elect appropriate tests. Important ancillary information relevant to each test is inclu- ded in the Technical Resource Document (see especially Appendix D). Biotic Group and Geographic Zone A wide variety of biotic groups is represented in the listing of tests for each habitat and endpoint type. The
37、 list of candidate tests can be further reduced by deciding which organisms and which geographic zones are most relevant. The location of the study site will provide the information required to select a geographic zone. In addition, knowledge of the regulatory requirements may direct the selection o
38、f the species. If, for example, emphasis is on organ- isms that may be consumed by humans, then crabs, large bivalves, or fish are likely candidates for testing. If emphasis is on ecological risks, then other biotic groups such as algae, amphipods, insects, or polychaete worms become good candi- dat
39、e organisms. Identify Highest Rank Tests In the evaluation tables (Tables 1 through 6), tests are ranked from best overall candidate tests to least appropriate overall tests for each habitat/endpoint type. In most cases, the higher ranked tests may have very similar total scores. The user should sel
40、ect the most appropriate high-ranked test based on a consideration of site-specific factors or regula- tory considerations. Compare Selected Testk) with Regulatory Requirements The candidate toxicity test(s) tentatively selected should be matched with the regulatory requirements. If the test(s) meet
41、 these requirements, then the selec- tion process is complete and the actual test(s) can be performed. If the selected toxicity test(s) do not meet the requirements of the applicable regulatory program, then low-ranked tests may need to be considered. API PUBL*4bOB 94 0732290 0545208 875 APPLICATION
42、 OF SEDIMENT TOXICITY TESTS After the selected sediment toxicity tests are approved for a biomonitoring program, a sampling and analysis plan should be developed. The sampling and analysis plan specifies the study design for the field sampling program (see the Application of Sediment Toxicity Tests
43、section in the Technical Resource Document), methods for implementing the toxicity tests, quality assurance procedures, and data analysis approaches. Issues related to quality assurance, sampling, and data analysis are discussed below. METHODS AND QUALITY ASSURANCE ISSUES The use of acceptable and w
44、ell-documented labora- tory methods is essential for ensuring that the results of toxicity testing are meaningful estimates of toxicity and that the tests are repeatable. Except for experimental studies, the tests that should be used for toxicity evaluations are those that have detailed, peer-review
45、ed methods to ensure that the testing is conducted properly and that the data will be compa- rable with data from other studies that use the same methods. Many of the well-standardized tests are documented in methods or guidance manuals devel- oped by the American Society of Testing and Mate- rials
46、(ASTM), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and Environment Canada. It is essential that the performance of laboratory testing be monitored using quality assurance and quality control procedures to document the quality of results and determine whether the results are acceptable for their
47、 intended use (e.g., U.S. EPA 1991b; Moore et al. 1994). The major quality assurance and quality control procedures for toxicity testing are as follows: rn The use of negative controls to ensure that the test organisms are suitably healthy for testing rn The use of positive controls (Le., reference
48、toxicants) to ensure that the test organisms are suitably sensitive to toxic chemicals The monitoring of key test conditions (e.g., water temperature, dissolved oxygen) to ensure that the test results are not influenced by fac- tors other than chemical toxicity The evaluation of variability among re
49、plicates and possibly tests for outliers. rn Certain factors intrinsic to natural sediment samples may confound the relationship between the concen- trations of sediment contaminants and toxicity. The objective of sediment toxicity testing is to evaluate the response of the test species to target chemicals contained in the sediment sample. It is preferable that the species not be responsive to other sediment characteristics such as grain size or organic carbon content. If such responses occur, toxicity may be incorrectly attributed to target chemicals. Changes in
