1、Designation: D4097 01 (Reapproved 2010)An American National StandardStandard Specification forContact-Molded Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermoset ResinCorrosion-Resistant Tanks1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4097; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
2、oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department
3、 of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers cylindrical tanks fabricated bycontact molding for above-ground vertical installation, tocontain aggressive chemicals at essentially atmospheric pres-sure, and made of a commercial-grade polyester or vinyl ester,resin. Included are requirements for m
4、aterials, properties,design, construction, dimensions, tolerances, workmanship,and appearance.1.2 This specification does not cover the design of vesselsintended for pressure above hydrostatic, vacuum conditions,except as classified herein, or vessels intended for use withliquids heated above their
5、flash points.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are provided forinformation purposes only.NOTE 1Special design consideration should be given to vesselssubject to superimposed mechanical forces, such as earthquakes, windload, or ag
6、itation, to vessels subject to service temperature in excess of180F (82C), and to vessels with unsupported bottoms.NOTE 2There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to thetest method portion, Section 11, of this specification: Thisstandard
7、does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-tions prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Sta
8、ndards:2C581 Practice for Determining Chemical Resistance ofThermosetting Resins Used in Glass-Fiber-ReinforcedStructures Intended for Liquid ServiceC582 Specification for Contact-Molded Reinforced Ther-mosetting Plastic (RTP) Laminates for Corrosion-ResistantEquipmentD618 Practice for Conditioning
9、Plastics for TestingD638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of PlasticsD790 Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforcedand Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating MaterialsD883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD2150 Specification for Woven Roving Glass Fabric forPolyester-Glass Laminat
10、es3D2583 Test Method for Indentation Hardness of RigidPlastics by Means of a Barcol ImpressorD2584 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured ReinforcedResinsD2996 Specification for Filament-Wound “Fiberglass(Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) PipeD2997 Specification for Centrifugally Cast “Fib
11、erglass”(Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) PipeD3892 Practice for Packaging/Packing of PlasticsD4024 Specification for Machine Made “Fiberglass(Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting Resin) FlangesD5421 Specification for Contact Molded “Fiberglass”(Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting Resin)
12、 FlangesF412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 onPlastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.23 on ReinforcedPlastic Piping Systems and Chemical Equipment.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2010. Publishe
13、d January 2010. Originallyapproved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D4097 - 01. DOI:10.1520/D4097-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer
14、to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.2.2 ANSI Standards:B 16.1 Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings, Class25, 125, 250, and 8004B 16.5 Steel Pipe
15、Flanges, Flanged Valves and Fittings43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions are in accordance with Termi-nologies D883 and F412, unless otherwise indicated.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 contact moldingincludes the “hand lay-up” or acombination of the “hand lay-up” and th
16、e “spray-up” manu-facturing processes.4. Classification4.1 Tanks meeting this specification are classified accordingto type. It is the responsibility of the purchaser to specify therequirement for Type II tanks, the operating pressure orvacuum levels, and the safety factor required for externalpress
17、ure. Absence of a designation of type required shall implythat Type I is adequate.4.1.1 Type IAtmospheric pressure tanks vented directly tothe atmosphere, designed for pressure no greater or lower thanatmospheric.4.1.2 Type IIAtmospheric pressure tanks vented directlyinto a fume conservation system,
18、 and designed to withstand,the specified positive and negative pressure not to exceed 14 in.of water (355.6 mm) when all tie-down lugs are properlysecured, in accordance with the fabricators recommendationsfor flat-bottom tanks.4.2 Tanks meeting this specification are classified accordingto type as
19、follows:4.2.1 Grade 1Tanks manufactured with a single generictype of thermoset resin throughout.4.2.2 Grade 2Tanks manufactured with different generictypes of thermoset resin in the barrier and the structuralportion.NOTE 3The external corrosive environment due to spillage or corro-sive vapors should
20、 be considered when specifying Grade 2 tanks (see7.1.3.3).5. Materials and Manufacture5.1 ResinThe resin used shall be a commercial grade,corrosion-resistant thermoset that has either been evaluated ina laminate by test in accordance with 11.3, or that has beendetermined by previous documented servi
21、ce to be acceptablefor the service conditions. Where service conditions have notbeen evaluated, a suitable resin may also be selected byagreement between fabricator and purchaser.5.1.1 The resin shall contain no pigment, dyes, colorants, orfiller, except as follows:5.1.1.1 A thixotropic agent that d
22、oes not interfere withvisual inspection of laminate quality, or with the requiredcorrosion resistance of the laminate, may be added for viscos-ity control.NOTE 4The addition of a thixotropic agent may reduce the resistanceof many resin systems to certain corrosive chemical environments. It is theres
23、ponsibility of the fabricator, using a thixotropic agent in the resinrequired for 7.1.1 and 7.1.2, to ascertain its compatibility with thecorrosive environment when this has been reported by the purchaser.5.1.1.2 Resin pastes used to fill crevices before overlay shallnot be subject to the limitation
24、 of 5.1.1.5.1.1.3 Resin may contain pigment, dyes, or colorants whenagreed upon between fabricator and purchaser.NOTE 5The addition of pigment, dyes, or colorants may interfere withvisual inspection of laminate quality.5.1.1.4 Ultraviolet absorbers may be added for improvedweather resistance if agre
25、ed upon between the fabricator andthe purchaser.5.1.1.5 Antimony compounds or other fire-retardant agentsmay be added to halogenated resins for improved fire resis-tance, if agreed upon between the fabricator and the purchaser.NOTE 6Because the addition of fire-retardant agents may interferewith vis
26、ual inspection of laminate quality, they should not be used in theinner surface (7.1.1) or interior layer (7.1.2), unless their functionaladvantages would outweigh the loss of visual inspection.5.2 Reinforcement:5.2.1 Chopped-Strand MatChopped-strand mat shall beconstructed from chopped commercial-g
27、rade E-type glassstrands bonded together using a binder. The strands should betreated with a sizing that is chemically compatible with theresin system used.NOTE 7The selection of the particular chopped-strand mat is depen-dent upon the performance characteristics required of the finished productand
28、upon the processing techniques to be used.5.2.2 Nonwoven Biaxial or Unidirectal FabricTheseproducts shall be a commercial grade of E-type glass fiber witha sizing that is chemically compatible with the resin systemused.5.2.3 Woven RovingWoven roving shall be in accordancewith Specification D2150.5.2
29、.4 Surface MatThe reinforcement used for the innersurface (7.1.1) shall be either a commercial-grade chemicalresistant glass surface mat or an organic-fiber surface mat. Inenvironments that attack glass, the use of an organic-fibersurface mat is required.6. Design Requirements6.1 Straight ShellThe m
30、inimum required wall thicknessof the cylindrical straight shell at any fluid level shall bedetermined by the following equation, but shall not be less than316 in.:t 5 PD/2SH5 0.036 g HD/2SHor 0.2489 g HD/2SH!where:t = wall thickness, in. (mm),SH= allowable hoop tensile stress (not to exceed110 of th
31、eultimate hoop strength), psi (kPa) (see 11.8),P = pressure, psi (kPa),H = fluid head, in. (mm),g = specific gravity of fluid, andD = inside diameter of tank, in. (mm).4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.D4097
32、 01 (2010)2NOTE 8The use of an accepted analytical technique, such as lami-nated plate theory (LPT), for design and analysis of composite vesselsmay predict stresses, strains, and strength on a ply-by-ply basis, givensome basic lamina properties.NOTE 9The calculation is suitable for the shell design
33、 of elevateddished-bottom tanks that are mounted or supported below the tangent ofthe dished-bottom head. Special consideration must be given to theloading on the straight shell at the support when tank has mountingsupports located above the tangent line.NOTE 10Table X2.1,Appendix X2, illustrates mi
34、nimum straight-shellwall thicknesses.6.2 Design for External Pressure:6.2.1 Cylindrical ShellsFor cylindrical shells, computethe value 1.73 (Do/t)0.5. If the result is less than L/Doof thecylinder, compute Paas follows:Pa5 2.6E/F!Do/L! t/Do!2.5If the result is greater than L/Doof the cylinder, compu
35、te Paas follows:Pa52.6E/F!Do/L!t/Do!2.5L/Do! 2 0.45t/Do!0.5where:Do= outside diameter, in.,Et= hoop tensile modulus of the filament wound structurallaminate, psi (kPa),F = design factor = 5,L = design length, in. (mm), of a vessel section, taken asthe largest of the following: (a) the distance betwe
36、enhead tangent lines plus one-third the depth of eachformed head, if there are no stiffening rings (exclud-ing conical heads and sections); (b) the distancebetween cone-to-cylinder junctions for vessels with acone or conical heads if there are no stiffening rings;(c) the greatest center-to-center di
37、stance between anytwo adjacent stiffening rings; (d) the distance from thecenter of the first stiffening ring to the formed headtangent line plus one-third the depth of the formedhead (excluding conical heads and sections), allmeasured parallel to the axis of the vessel; (e) thedistance from the fir
38、st stiffening ring in the cylinder tothe cone-to-cylinder junction,Pa= allowable external pressure, psi (kPa), andt = wall thickness, in. (mm) (nominal).6.2.2 Torispherical HeadsFor torispherical heads, com-pute the allowable external pressure, Pa, as follows:Pa5 0.36E/F!t/Ro!2where:Ro= outside crow
39、n radius of head, in. (mm).For toruspherical heads subject to internal loading, theknuckle radius shall be externally reinforced in accordancewith Fig. 1. The reinforcement thickness shall be equal to thethickness of the head as calculated above. The thickness of ajoint overlay near the knuckle radi
40、us tangent line of dishedhead contributes to the knuckle reinforcement.6.2.3 Stiffening RingsThe required moment of inertia, Is,of a circumferential stiffening ring for cylindrical shells underexternal pressure or internal vacuum shall not be less than thatdetermined by the following:Is5 PLsD3F/24Eh
41、where:Do= shell outside diameter, in. (mm),Eh= hoop tensile modulus, psi (kPa),F = design factor = 5,Is= moment of inertia, in.4(mm4), of stiffener for theeffective length of shell, Ls,Ls= one-half of the distance from the centerline of thestiffening ring to the next line of support on one side,plus
42、 one-half of the centerline distance to the next lineof support on the other side of the stiffening ring, bothmeasured parallel to the axis of the cylinder, in.Alineof support is the following: ( a) a stiffening ring thatmeets the requirements of this paragraph; (b)acircumferential line on a head at
43、 one-third the depthof the head from the head tangent line; ( c)acone-to-cylinder junction,P = actual external pressure, psi (kPa).Typical half-round stiffener sizes and dimensions for differ-ent values of Isare shown in Fig. 4. Other stiffener profilesmeeting the required moment of inertia may be u
44、sed.6.3 Top HeadThe top head, regardless of shape, shall beable to support a 250-lb (113.4 kg) load ona4by4-in. (100 by100 mm) area without damage and with a maximum deflectionof12 % of the tank diameter.6.3.1 The minimum thickness of the top head shall be316 in.(4.8 mm).NOTE 11Support of auxiliary
45、equipment, snow load, or operatingpersonnel, may require additional reinforcement or the use of stiffeningribs, or both, sandwich construction, or other stiffening systems.6.4 Bottom Head:6.4.1 The minimum thickness for a fully supported flat-bottom head shall be as follows:316 in. (4.8 mm) for 2 to
46、 6-ft (0.6 to 1.8-m) diameter,14 in. (6.4 mm) for over 6 to 12-ft (1.8 to 3.7-m) diameter, and38 in. (9.5 mm) for over 12-ft (3.7-m) diameter.FIG. 1 Jointed Head Detail(Sketch A)D4097 01 (2010)36.4.2 Bottom heads may be molded integrally with thestraight-shell, or may be molded separately with a str
47、aightflange length for subsequent joining to shell.6.4.3 The radius of the bottom knuckle of a flat-bottom tankshall be not less than 1 in. (25 mm) on tanks 4 ft or smaller indiameter and 1.5 in. (38 mm) on tanks larger than 4 ft indiameter. The minimum thickness of the radiused section shallbe equa
48、l to the combined thickness of the shell wall and thebottom. The reinforcement of the knuckle-radius area shalltaper so that it is tangent to the flat bottom, and shall not extendbeyond the tangent line onto the tank bottom, unless methodsof manufacture are used that maintain flat-bottom configura-t
49、ion, and shall extend up the vertical tank wall a minimum oflength “L” of 8 in. (203 mm) on tanks up to 4 ft (1219 mm) indiameter, and 12 in. (304 mm) on tanks over 4 ft (1219 mm) indiameter. The reinforcement shall then taper into the side wallover an additional length “ M” of 4 in. (102 mm) (see Fig. 2).Methods of manufacture that incorporate stiffening bands as ameans of knuckle stabilization, are permissible alternatives byagreement between purchaser and fabricator, provided that thefabricator can document the validity of desi
