1、Designation: D4104 96 (Reapproved 2010)1Standard Test Method(Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity ofNonleaky Confined Aquifers by Overdamped Well Responseto Instantaneous Change in Head (Slug Tests)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4104; the number immediately fol
2、lowing the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEThe units statement in
3、 1.4 was revised editorially in August 2010.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of transmis-sivity from the measurement of force-free (overdamped) re-sponse of a well-aquifer system to a sudden change of waterlevel in a well. Force-free response of water level in a well toa sudden
4、change in water level is characterized by recovery toinitial water level in an approximate exponential manner withnegligible inertial effects.1.2 The analytical procedure in this test method is used inconjunction with the field procedure in Test Method D4044 forcollection of test data.1.3 Limitation
5、sSlug tests are considered to provide anestimate of transmissivity. Although the assumptions of thistest method prescribe a fully penetrating well (a well openthrough the full thickness of the aquifer), the slug test methodis commonly conducted using a partially penetrating well.Such a practice may
6、be acceptable for application underconditions in which the aquifer is stratified and horizontalhydraulic conductivity is much greater than vertical hydraulicconductivity. In such a case the test would be considered to berepresentative of the average hydraulic conductivity of theportion of the aquife
7、r adjacent to the open interval of the well.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of
8、 the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD4043 Guide for Selection of Aquifer Test Me
9、thod inDetermining Hydraulic Properties by Well TechniquesD4044 Test Method for (Field Procedure) for InstantaneousChange in Head (Slug) Tests for Determining HydraulicProperties of AquifersD4750 Test Method for Determining Subsurface LiquidLevels in a Borehole or Monitoring Well (ObservationWell)3D
10、5912 Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) DeterminingHydraulic Conductivity of an Unconfined Aquifer byOverdamped Well Response to Instantaneous Change inHead (Slug)3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 aquifer, confinedan aquifer bounded above andbelow by confining beds and in which the static head
11、 is abovethe top of the aquifer.3.1.2 confining beda hydrogeologic unit of less perme-able material bounding one or more aquifers.3.1.3 control wellwell by which the aquifer is stressed, forexample, by pumping, injection, or change of head.3.1.4 head, staticthe height above a standard datum of thesu
12、rface of a column of water (or other liquid) that can besupported by the static pressure at a given point.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Ground Water andVadose Zone Investigations.Current edi
13、tion approved Aug. 1, 2010. Published September 2010. Originallyapproved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D410496(2004).DOI: 10.1520/D4104-96(2010)1.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual
14、Book of ASTMStandardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
15、 United States.3.1.5 hydraulic conductivity(field aquifer tests), the vol-ume of water at the existing kinematic viscosity that will movein a unit time under a unit hydraulic gradient through a unitarea measured at right angles to the direction of flow.3.1.6 observation wella well open to all or par
16、t of anaquifer.3.1.7 overdamped-well responsecharacterized by the wa-ter level returning to the static level in an approximatelyexponential manner following a sudden change in water level.(See for comparison underdamped-well response.)3.1.8 sluga volume of water or solid object used to inducea sudde
17、n change of head in a well.3.1.9 specific storagethe volume of water released fromor taken into storage per unit volume of the porous medium perunit change in head.3.1.10 storage coeffcientthe volume of water an aquiferreleases from or takes into storage per unit surface area of theaquifer per unit
18、change in head. For a confined aquifer, thestorage coefficient is equal to the product of specific storageand aquifer thickness. For an unconfined aquifer, the storagecoefficient is approximately equal to the specific yield.3.1.11 transmissivitythe volume of water at the existingkinematic viscosity
19、that will move in a unit time under a unithydraulic gradient through a unit width of the aquifer.3.1.12 underdamped-well responseresponse characterizedby the water level oscillating about the static water levelfollowing a sudden change in water level. (See for comparisonoverdamped-well response.)3.1
20、.13 For definitions of other terms used in this testmethod, see Terminology D653.3.2 Symbols:3.2.1 J0ndzero-order Bessel function of the first kind.3.2.2 J1ndfirst-order Bessel function of the first kind.3.2.3 K LT1hydraulic conductivity.3.2.4 T L2T1transmissivity.3.2.5 S ndstorage coefficient.3.2.6
21、 Y0ndzero order Bessel function of the secondkind.3.2.7 Y1ndfirst order Bessel function of the secondkind.3.2.8 rcLradius of control-well casing or open hole ininterval where water level changes.3.2.9 rwLradius of control well screen or open holeadjacent to water bearing unit.3.2.10 uvariable of int
22、egration.3.2.11 H Lchange in head in control well.3.2.12 HoLinitial head rise (or decline) in control well.3.2.13 ttime.3.2.14 bTt/rc2.3.2.15 arw2S/rc2.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method describes the analytical procedure foranalyzing data collected during an instantaneous head (slug)test
23、 using an overdamped well. The field procedures inconducting a slug test are given in Test Method D4044. Theanalytical procedure consists of analyzing the recovery ofwater level in the well following the change in water levelinduced in the well.4.2 SolutionThe solution given by Cooper et al (1)4is a
24、sfollows:H 52Hop*0exp 2bu2/a!J0ur/rw! (1)uY0u! 2 2aY1u!# 2 Y0ur/rw!uJ0u! 2 2aJ1u!#/Du!#duwhere:a5rw2S/rc2,b5Tt/rc2,and:Du! 5 uJ0u! 2 2aJ1u!#21 uY0u! 2 2aY1u!#2NOTE 1See D5912 and Hvorslev (2) Bouwer and Rice (3), andBouwer (4).5. Significance and Use5.1 Assumptions of Solution of Cooper et al (1):5.
25、1.1 The head change in the control well is instantaneous attime t =0.5.1.2 Well is of finite diameter and fully penetrates theaquifer.5.1.3 Flow in the nonleaky aquifer is radial.5.2 Implications of Assumptions:5.2.1 The mathematical equations applied ignore inertialeffects and assume the water leve
26、l returns the static level in anapproximate exponential manner. The geometric configurationof the well and aquifer are shown in Fig. 1.5.2.2 Assumptions are applicable to artesian or confinedconditions and fully penetrating wells. However, this testmethod is commonly applied to partially penetrating
27、 wells andin unconfined aquifers where it may provide estimates ofhydraulic conductivity for the aquifer interval adjacent to the4The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end ofthe text.FIG. 1 Cross Section Through a Well in Which a Slug of Water isSuddenly InjectedD4
28、104 96 (2010)12open interval of the well if the horizontal hydraulic conduc-tivity is significantly greater than the vertical hydraulic con-ductivity.5.2.3 As pointed out by Cooper et al (1) the determination ofstorage coefficient by this test method has questionable reli-ability because of the simi
29、lar shape of the curves, whereas, thedetermination of transmissivity is not as sensitive to choosingthe correct curve. However, the curve selected should notimply a storage coefficient unrealistically large or small.6. Procedure6.1 The overall procedure consists of conducting the slugtest field proc
30、edure (see Test Method D4044) and analysis ofthe field data, that is addressed in this test method.6.2 The integral expression in the solution given in (Eq 1)cannot be evaluated analytically. A graphical solution fordetermination of transmissivity and coefficient of storage canbe made using a set of
31、 type curves that can be drawn from thevalues in Table 1.7. Calculation7.1 Prepare a semilogarithmic plot of a set of type curves ofvalues of F (b, a)=H/Ho, on the arithmetic scale, as a functionof b, on the logarithmic scale from the values of the functionsin Table 1.7.2 Prepare a semilogarithmic p
32、lot of the same scale as thatof the type-curve. Plot the water level data in the control well,expressed as a fraction, H/Ho, on the arithmetic scale, versustime, t, on the logarithmic scale.NOTE 2If the water level rise is very rapid with a small disparitybetween the calculated and measured change i
33、n water level, then time = 0can be used as the instant the change was initiated and Hocan be thecalculated rise. If there is a significant time lag between initiation of thehead change and the peak rise or decline is significantly less than thecalculated change use t = 0 as the time of maximum obser
34、ved change andtake Hoas the maximum observed change.7.3 Overlay the data plot on the set of type curve plots and,with the arithmetic axes coincident, shift the data plot to matchone curve or an interpolated curve of the type curve set. Amatch point for beta, t, and alpha picked from the two graphs.7
35、.4 Using the coordinates of the match line, determine thetransmissivity and storage coefficient from the following equa-tions:T 5brc2/tand:S 5arc2/rw28. Report8.1 Prepare a report including the information described inthis section. The final report of the analytical procedure willinclude information
36、 from the report on test method selection(see Guide D4043) and the field testing procedure (see TestMethod D4044).8.1.1 IntroductionThe introductory section is intended topresent the scope and purpose of the slug test method fordetermining transmissivity and storage coefficient. Summarizethe field h
37、ydrogeologic conditions and the field equipment andinstrumentation including the construction of the control well,and the method of measurement and of effecting a change inhead. Discuss the rationale for selecting the method used (seeGuide D4043).8.1.2 Hydrogeologic SettingReview information avail-a
38、ble on the hydrogeology of the site; interpret and describe thehydrogeology of the site as it pertains to the method selectedfor conducting and analyzing an aquifer test. Compare hydro-geologic characteristics of the site as it conforms and differsfrom assumptions made in the solution to the aquifer
39、 testmethod.TABLE 1 Values of H/HoFrom Cooper, Bredehoeft, and Papadopulos (1)b = Tt/rc2a 1011021031041051.00 0.9771 0.9920 0.9969 0.9985 0.99921032.15 0.9658 0.9876 0.9949 0.9974 0.99854.64 0.9490 0.9807 0.9914 0.9954 0.99701.00 0.9238 0.9693 0.9853 0.9915 0.99421022.154.641.000.88600.82930.74600.9
40、5050.91870.86550.97440.95450.91830.98410.97010.94340.98830.97810.95721012.154.641.000.62890.47820.31170.77820.64360.45980.85380.74360.57290.89350.80310.65200.91670.84100.70801002.15 0.1665 0.2597 0.3543 0.4364 0.50384.64 0.07415 0.1086 0.1554 0.2082 0.26207.00 0.04625 0.06204 0.08519 0.1161 0.15211.
41、00 0.03065 0.03780 0.04821 0.06355 0.083781.40 0.02092 0.02414 0.02844 0.03492 0.044261012.15 0.01297 0.01414 0.01545 0.01723 0.019993.00 0.009070 0.009615 0.01016 0.01083 0.011694.64 0.005711 0.004919 0.006111 0.006319 0.0065547.00 0.003722 0.003809 0.003884 0.003962 0.0040461.00 0.002577 0.002618
42、0.002653 0.002688 0.0027251022.15 0.001179 0.001187 0.001194 0.001201 0.001208From Papadopulos, Bredehoeft, and Cooper (5)b = Tt/rc2a 1061071081091010120.99940.99890.99960.99920.99960.99930.99970.99940.99970.99951034 0.9980 0.9985 0.9987 0.9989 0.99916 0.9972 0.9978 0.9982 0.9984 0.99868 0.9964 0.99
43、71 0.9976 0.9980 0.99821 0.9956 0.9965 0.9971 0.9975 0.99782 0.9919 0.9934 0.9944 0.9952 0.99581024 0.9848 0.9875 0.9894 0.9908 0.99196 0.9782 0.9819 0.9846 0.9866 0.98818 0.9718 0.9765 0.9799 0.9824 0.98441 0.9655 0.9712 0.9753 0.9784 0.98072 0.9361 0.9459 0.9532 0.9587 0.96311014 0.8828 0.8995 0.9
44、122 0.9220 0.92986 0.8345 0.8569 0.8741 0.8875 0.89848 0.7901 0.8173 0.8383 0.8550 0.86861 0.7489 0.7801 0.8045 0.8240 0.84012 0.5800 0.6235 0.6591 0.6889 0.71393 0.4554 0.5033 0.5442 0.5792 0.60964 0.3613 0.4093 0.4517 0.4891 0.52221005 0.2893 0.3351 0.3768 0.4146 0.44876 0.2337 0.2759 0.3157 0.352
45、5 0.38657 0.1903 0.2285 0.2655 0.3007 0.33378 0.1562 0.1903 0.2243 0.2573 0.28889 0.1292 0.1594 0.1902 0.2208 0.25051 0.1078 0.1343 0.1620 0.1900 0.21782 0.02720 0.03343 0.04129 0.05071 0.061493 0.01286 0.01448 0.01667 0.01956 0.023201014 0.008337 0.008898 0.009637 0.01062 0.011905 0.006209 0.006470
46、 0.006789 0.007192 0.0077096 0.004961 0.005111 0.005283 0.005487 0.0057358 0.003547 0.003617 0.003691 0.003773 0.0038631 0.002763 0.002803 0.002845 0.002890 0.0029381022 0.001313 0.001322 0.001330 0.001339 0.001348D4104 96 (2010)138.1.3 EquipmentReport the field installation and equip-ment for the a
47、quifer test. Include in the report, well construc-tion information, diameter, depth, and open interval to theaquifer, and location of control well.8.1.3.1 Report the techniques used for observing waterlevels, pumping rate, barometric changes, and other environ-mental conditions pertinent to the test
48、. Include a list ofmeasuring devices used during the test, the manufacturersname, model number, and basic specifications for each majoritem, and the name and date of the last calibration, ifapplicable.8.1.4 Testing ProceduresReport the steps taken in con-ducting the pretest and test phases. Include
49、the frequency ofhead measurements made in the control well, and otherenvironmental data recorded before and during the testingprocedure.8.1.5 Presentation and Interpretation of Test Results:8.1.5.1 DataPresent tables of data collected during thetest.8.1.5.2 Data PlotsPresent data plots used in analysis ofthe data. Show overlays of data plots and type curve withmatch points and corresponding values of parameters at matchpoints.8.1.5.3 Show calculation of transmissivity and stor
