1、Designation: D4158 08 (Reapproved 2012)Standard Guide forAbrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Uniform Abrasion)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4158; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the determination of the resistance toabrasion of a wide range of textile materials using the uni
3、formabrasion testing instrument. Fabrics of all types includingcarpets, garments and nonwovens may be tested under thismethod.NOTE 1Other procedures for measuring the abrasion resistance oftextile fabrics are given in: Test Methods D3884, D3885, D3886, D4157,D4966, and AATCC Test Method 93.1.1.1 Pro
4、visions are provided for testing specimens in dryand wet conditions. Four options for evaluation are included:Option 1Fabric RuptureOption 2Mass LossOption 3Thickness LossOption 4Breaking Strength Loss1.1.2 Provision is provided for testing specimens in the wetstate.1.2 The values stated in either S
5、I units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text,the inch-pound units are shown in parentheses. The valuesstated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore,each system shall be used independently of the other. Combin-ing values from the two system
6、s may result in nonconformancewith the specification.1.3 This guide does not purport to address all of the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety andhealth practices and determine the applicability of regu
7、latorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD3884 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Rotary Platform, Double-Head Method)D3885 Test Method for Abrasion Resistanc
8、e of TextileFabrics (Flexing and Abrasion Method)D3886 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Inflated Diaphragm Apparatus)D4157 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric TestMethodsD4966 Test M
9、ethod for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Martindale Abrasion Tester Method)D5035 Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation ofTextile Fabrics (Strip Method)2.2 Other Documents:AATCC Test Method 93 Abrasion Resistance of Fabrics:Accelerator Method33. Terminology3.1 For all terms relating t
10、o D13.60, Fabric Test Methods,Specific, refer to Terminology D4850.3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:abrasion ,abrasion cycle, rotation.3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, see Termi-nology D123.4. Summary of Test4.1 A specimen is mounted in a holder and abraded u
11、ni-formly in all directions in the plane and about every point ofthe surface of the specimen. The settings of the instrument,method of mounting specimens, conditions of test (conditionedor wet), and criteria to be used in evaluating abrasive wear inthe test, depend upon the nature of the specimen to
12、 be testedand the use to be made of the test results. Abrasion resistancefor wear is evaluated by one or more conditions of destruction,a defined surface damage, loss in the mass, strength orthickness of test specimens, or by increased weakness in the1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Com
13、mittee D13 on Textiles andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,Specific.Current edition approved July 1, 2012. Published August 2012. Originallyapproved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D4158 08. DOI:10.1520/D4158-08R12.2For referenced ASTM sta
14、ndards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists(AATCC), P.O. B
15、ox 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, http:/www.aatcc.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.sample as shown by a subsequent test by another method,depending on the material or its intended use.5. Significance and
16、Use5.1 The resistance to abrasion of textile materials is affectedby many factors in a complex manner. The results obtainedfrom the use of this instrument assist in evaluating these factorsrelative to the wear serviceability of the final textile product inspecific end uses. The resistance to abrasio
17、n is affected bymany factors that include the inherent mechanical properties ofthe fibers; the dimensions of the fibers; the structure of theyarns; the construction of the fabrics; the type, kind, amount oftreatment added to the fibers, yarns or fabric; the nature of theabradant; the tension on the
18、specimen; the pressure between thespecimen and the abradant; and the dimensional changes in thespecimen. Experience has shown in many instances, thatrelative results obtained with this instrument when used on aseries of fabrics, agreed with those obtained based uponperformance in end use. However, c
19、aution is advised becauseanomalous results may occur due to uncontrolled factors inmanufacturing or other processes. Specific instances have beendescribed.4,5,6,7In any event, anomalous results should bestudied to further understand the complex behavior that mayoccur as a result of abrasion that may
20、 in turn assist in thedevelopment of more durable fabrics.5.2 Testing some specimens under “wet” conditions can addanother dimension to the evaluation of some textiles. Suchtesting under “wet” conditions can help ascertain the effect ofchanges in a fabrics resistance to abrasion when it becomeswet.
21、This test can also increase the uniformity of the abradingaction by washing away abrasion debris and preventing thebuild up of broken fibers that can interfere with the properprogression of the tests.5.3 This test is used as a guide in evaluating textiles inquality control and in research.5.3.1 If t
22、here are differences of practical significance be-tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more),comparative tests should be performed to determine if there isa statistical bias between them, using competent statisticalassistance. As a minimum, the test samples should be used thatare as
23、homogenous as possible, that are drawn from thematerial from which the disparate test results were obtained,and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to eachlaboratory for testing. Other fabrics with established test valuesmay be used for this purpose. The test results from the twolaboratories
24、 should be compared using a statistical test forunpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testingseries. If a bias is found, either a cause must be found andcorrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consider-ation of the known bias.5.4 This test is unique and is significa
25、ntly different from anyother existing abrading test.5.5 This guide may also be used as a technique for pretreat-ing material for subsequent testing. For example, a predeter-mined number of abrasion cycles at specified test conditionsmay be performed on a series of specimens, which are thensubjected
26、to a strength or barrier performance test.5.6 The resistance of textile materials to abrasion as mea-sured by this guide does not include all the factors whichaccount for wear performance or durability in actual use. Whilethe “abrasion resistance” stated in terms of the number ofcycles and “durabili
27、ty” (defined as the ability to withstanddeterioration or wearing out in use, including the effects ofabrasion) are frequently related. The relationship varies withdifferent end uses, and different factors may be necessary inany calculation of predicted durability from specific abrasiondata.5.6.1 Lab
28、oratory tests may be reliable as an indication ofrelative end-use suitability in cases where the difference inabrasion resistance of various materials is large, but theyshould not be relied upon for prediction of performance duringactual wear life for specific end uses unless there are datashowing t
29、he specific relationship between laboratory abrasiontests and actual wear in the intended end use.5.7 The pressure and tension used is varied, depending onthe mass and nature of the material and the end use application.Whenever possible all materials that are to be compared witheach other should be
30、tested under the same pressure andtension.5.8 When abrasion tests are continued to total destruction,abrasion resistance comparisons are not practical for fabricshave a different mass because the change in abrasion resistanceis not directly proportional to the change in the fabric mass.5.9 All the g
31、uides and instruments that have been developedfor abrasion resistance may show a high degree of variability inresults obtained by different operators and in different labora-tories; however, they represent the methods most widely usedin the industry. Because there is a definite need for measuringthe
32、 relative resistance to abrasion, this is one of the severalstandardized guides and methods that is useful to help mini-mize the inherent variation in results that may occur.6. Apparatus and Materials6.1 The Uniform Abrasion Tester8, shown in Figs. 1 and 2,consists of an abrading mechanism, specimen
33、 supportingmechanism, and driving mechanism. Essentially, the surface ofthe abradant lies in a plane parallel to the surface supportingthe specimen and presses upon the specimen. The abradant andspecimen rotate in the same direction at very nearly but notquite the same angular velocity (250 rpm) on
34、noncoaxial axeswhich are parallel to within 0.0025 mm (0.0001 in.).4Schiefer, H. F. and Krasny, J. F., “Note on the Disintegration of Wool inAbrasion Tests,” Textile Research Journal , Vol 19, January 1950, pp. 802809;Journal of Research, Nat. Bureau Standards, Vol 44, January 1950, pp. 914(Research
35、 Paper RP 2054).5Schiefer, H. F., Crean, L. E. and Krasny, J. F. “Improved Single-Unit SchieferAbrasion Testing Machine,” Journal of Research , Nat. Bureau Standards, Vol 42,May, 1949, pp. 259269. ASTM Bulletin, No. 159, July 1949, pp. 7378 (TP133).6Schiefer, H. F., “Solution of Problem Producing Un
36、iform Abrasion and itsApplication to the Testing Machine,” Journal of Research, Nat. Bureau of StandardVol. 39, July 1947 (Research Paper R1807).7Schiefer, H. F., and Werntz, C. W., “Interpretation of Tests for Resistance toAbrasion of Textiles,” Textile Research Journal, Vol XXII No. 1, January 195
37、2.8Apparatus and accessories are commercially available.D4158 08 (2012)26.1.1 The small difference in speed is to permit each part ofthe specimen to come in contact with a different part of theabradant at each rotation. Each rotation is equivalent to onecycle.6.1.2 The abrading mechanism consists of
38、 the abradantmounted at the lower end of a shaft, weights placed on theupper end of the shaft to produce constant pressure betweenabradant and specimen throughout the test, lever and cam forraising and lowering the abradant, shaft, and weights. Acounterweight for balancing the abradant and abradant
39、shaft isneeded when tests are to be carried out at low pressure.6.1.2.1 Weights, in increments of 500 g (1 lb) that arecapable of providing up to a total of 5 kg (10 lb) to thespecimen in pressure. Individual weight tolerances are 61%.6.1.3 The specimen-supporting mechanism provides fortension mount
40、ing of thinner, more flexible materials and rigidmounting of thick, stiff materials. For the first, a plasticpressure foot 12.5, 25, 31, 38, or 50 mm (12 ,1,114 ,112 ,or2 in.) in diameter, as prescribed, shall be mounted at the upperend of the specimen shaft to fix the area of the specimen to beabra
41、ded. A conical clamp seat, fitted to the shaft, rotates with itbut is free to move vertically on the shaft. A cam is providedfor raising and lowering the clamp seat. The specimen clampshown unassembled in Fig. 3 fits on the seat (C, Fig. 3) and canbe fastened to it by merely rotating it slightly to
42、engage the twopins in the slots. The clamp and specimen assembly can beremoved quickly for examining the specimen and measuringthe wear and returned to the machine without unclamping thespecimen. When the clamp seat is lowered by turning the cam,the combined mass of the clamp seat and specimen clamp
43、 issuspended by the specimen over the presser foot. This placesthe specimen under constant tension throughout the test withtake-up of any stretch in the specimen. Different tensions maybe applied to the specimen by changing the mass of the clampseat, for example, by adding auxiliary weights as in 6.
44、1.2.1. Forrigid mounting of thick, stiff fabrics such as carpeting andsome felts use the specimen clamp and mounting aids shown inFig. 4. Screw the assembly onto the specimen shaft in place ofthe presser foot and specimen clamp seat (E, Fig. 2).6.1.4 The driving mechanism consists of a motor-drivena
45、uxiliary drive shaft connected to the abradant shaft andspecimen shaft by spur gears.6.1.5 The instrument shall be equipped with ( 1) a counter(G, Fig. 2) resettable to indicate the number of rotations in atest; (2) a sensitive microswitch (H, Fig. 2) to stop the machineautomatically when a tension-
46、suspended specimen is wornthrough. A thickness gage (I, Fig. 2), when specified, isavailable to measure changes in thickness of the specimenduring the test.6.1.5.1 Alternately the instrument may be equipped with aprogrammable counter that will stop the instrument uponreaching a preset number of rota
47、tions.6.1.6 AbradantShall be sufficiently greater in diameterthan the specimen supporting the surface that the latter liesentirely inside the periphery of the abradant during a test. Aspring steel blade abradant (B, Fig. 3), which is essentiallyconstant in its action for a long period of use, shall
48、be used forwoven, felted, pile, and knitted fabrics and a cross-cut tungstentool steel blade abradant (A, Fig. 3) for coated fabrics, unlessotherwise specified in the material specification.6.1.6.1 Abrasion tests are subject to variations due tochanges in the abradant during specific tests. The spri
49、ng steelblade abradant and the cross-cut tungsten tool steel bladeabradant are considered permanent abradants that have ahardened metal surface. It is assumed that the abradant will notchange appreciably in a specific series of tests, but obviouslysimilar abradants used in different laboratories will not likelychange at the same rate due to differences in usage. Permanentabradants may also change due to pick-up of treatments orother material from test fabrics and must accordingly becleaned at frequent intervals. Consequently, depending upon itsusage, the abradant must
