1、Designation: D4265 14Standard Guide forEvaluating Stain Removal Performance in HomeLaundering1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4265; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A n
2、umber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This is a guide for evaluating stain removal performanceof home laundry products or home laundering conditions. Itprovides guidance for
3、the selection, preparation, application,and examination of various types of stains on test fabrics thatare subjected to controlled but practical stain removal treat-ment conditions.1.2 There is no single combination of stain and fabric thatwill predict the overall performance of a product or treatme
4、ntmethod. A single test, even with a variety of stains/fabrics, canonly predict how products or treatment methods compare underthe particular conditions chosen for evaluations. A series ofassessments is necessary to evaluate the many aspects of stainremoval performance and to simulate consumer exper
5、iencemore closely.1.3 In this guide, the use of both traditional top-loaderwashing machines as well as front and top-loading high-efficiency washers is addressed.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI
6、 units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determ
7、ine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and ColorDifferences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque Materials2.2 AATCC Standard:3Test Method 130-2010 Soil Release: Oily Stain ReleaseMethod3. Termi
8、nology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 front-loading high-effciency (HE) washing machine/washer, nhorizontally or nearly horizontally oriented ma-chine used for laundry that uses varying amounts of water tolaunder fabrics.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThese washers: (1) may not exhibit anyvisible free water or may show si
9、gnificant quantities of visiblefree water, (2) may lift and tumble the clothes load, (3) may useboth spinning and tumbling in both the washer or rinseprocesses, (4) may use jet sprays of wash solution of rinsesolution, or (5) may use thermal or chemical inputs, or both, tooffer sanitation or allerge
10、n claims. HE washers use consider-ably less water and energy than traditional deep-fill washers inthe laundering process. HE washers are labeled by the appli-ance industry and may be recognized by the U.S. Departmentof Energy (DOE) and the U.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA) as Energy Star rat
11、ed machines.3.1.2 home laundering, ncleaning or conditioning, orboth, of textile materials using the washing and drying equip-ment commonly found in the home.3.1.3 pretreaters, nusage of a product designed to treatfabric stains not likely to be removed using detergent in washalone in the normal hous
12、ehold laundering process.3.1.3.1 DiscussionPretreaters can be found in many formssuch as sprays and liquids and detergents themselves can beused as a pretreater when applied directly to the stain.3.1.4 stain, na local area of undesired foreign matter on atextile material, differing in appearance fro
13、m the textile sub-strate.3.1.5 top-loading HE washing machine/washer,nvertically oriented agitation machine that is used for home1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D12 on Soaps andOther Detergents and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D12.15 onPhysical Testing.Current
14、 edition approved Jan. 1, 2014. Published February 2014. Originallyapproved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D4265 98(2007)1.DOI: 10.1520/D4265-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Bo
15、ok of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists(AATCC), P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, http:/www.aatcc.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor D
16、rive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1laundry with the fundamental difference from a traditionaltop-loading washer being that this washer uses reduced waterresources during the process.3.1.5.1 DiscussionThis washer may: (1) deep fill once(during the wash or rinse), (2) p
17、artially fill one or more times,(3) may have a full agitator, (4) may have an impeller in placeof an agitator, (5) may use thermal or chemical inputs or bothto offer sanitation or allergen claims, or (6) may use spraywashing or spray rinsing technologies, or combination thereof.HE washers use consid
18、erably less water and energy thantraditional deep-fill washers in the laundering process. HEwashers are labeled by the appliance industry and may berecognized by the U.S. DOE and U.S. EPAas Energy Star ratedmachines.3.1.6 traditional deep-fill top-loading washing machine/washer, nvertically oriented
19、 agitation machine that is usedfor home laundry.3.1.6.1 DiscussionThis washer fills to the basket top atleast two times during the wash process; once for washing andonce for rinsing. The type of washer may also include sprayflushes in either the wash or rinse portions of the cycle.4. Summary of Guid
20、e4.1 Stains are artificially applied in a repeatable manner tospecified fabric substrates. After a prescribed time for settingthe stains, the test swatches are treated with the products orprocedures being compared or both, and the relative degree ofremoval is assessed.5. Significance and Use5.1 This
21、 guide suggests a number of staining agents that arerepresentative of stains commonly encountered in householdlaundry. The assessment need not be limited to this suggestedlist of stains, especially if special product types or end uses arebeing evaluated. This guide can be used to compare stainremova
22、l performance of products; however, there is no con-firmed basis for correlation of this controlled laboratorytechnique with consumers ranking of stain removal perfor-mance.5.2 The evaluations generated by this guide should beregarded as diagnostic screening tests that are useful informulation studi
23、es, quality control, and ingredient raw mate-rial qualification. This guide provides considerable flexibilityin choosing specific stains, washing conditions, and laboratoryequipment appropriate to the objective of the evaluation. Thisprocedural latitude may result in a reduced level of interlabo-rat
24、ory precision and such comparison of results must beevaluated with caution.5.3 The procedure is applicable to all types of home laundryproducts including detergents, presoak and prespotter products,bleaches, and detergent boosters and is expected to be appli-cable to horizontal and vertical axis mac
25、hines.5.4 It is not intended for the evaluation of products orconditions normally associated with commercial laundering ordry cleaning establishments.6. Selection and Preparation of Fabric Swatches6.1 The relative effectiveness of various laundry products orprocedures for removing different types of
26、 stains will beinfluenced by the nature of the fabric. If interest is in cleaningon more than one fabric, testing may encompass more than onefiber composition (for example, cotton, polyester/cotton blend,or polyester) and fabric construction (for example, wovens orknits) with results tabulated separ
27、ately for each. The fabrictypes most common for the U. S. laundry are polyester/cottonblends, 100 % cotton, and 100 % polyester.NOTE 1When ordering precut swatches, the vendor must be alertedthat identification of the face side and grain (thread direction) of theswatches is an important testing crit
28、erion. These factors must also beconsidered when bulk yardage is purchased from any source by theexperimenter for eventual cutting into test specimen swatches.6.2 Fabric test swatches should be washed prior to applica-tion of stains, if necessary. This is done to eliminate residues ofmill finishing
29、agents which might influence stain removalresults and also to better simulate the fabric condition whenstaining incidents occur in household use.6.2.1 Sufficient yardage of test fabric is pre-washed to coverthe need of the test series. The washing is more sufficientlydone before the cloth is cut int
30、o individual swatches, but can beaccomplished with the pre-cut swatches if this is the fabricform that has been purchased.6.2.2 Minimum pre-washing conditions should be two washcycles in a household automatic washer (see Note 2) with120-140F (48.8-60C) (less than 50-ppm) water and ambient(less than
31、50-ppm) water rinses. The first cycle should includea recommended usage level of a standard detergent such asAmerican Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists(AATCC) liquid or powder standard detergent without bright-ener. Recommended usage level of liquid hypochlorite bleachmay also be added.
32、Additional washes with no detergent arerecommended until no suds are present.NOTE 2Any brand of industrial or household automatic washer (orelectric dryer) is acceptable. For household machines, refer to AATCCrecommendations as a general guideline.4There may be special circum-stances in which other
33、conditions may be required in testing (for example,emerging washing machine types). Testing in different machines anddifferent conditions may yield different results. Data comparison can onlybe made under the same test conditions.6.2.3 Dry the test cloth 35 to 40 min at 150 6 10F (65.5 66C) in a hom
34、e dryer after the last wash cycle (see Note 2).6.2.4 Wash and dry carrier towels or ballast fabrics to beused with the stained test swatches in accordance with 6.2.2and 6.2.3, but separately from the test fabrics.6.3 Iron the fabric on permanent press setting if necessary toobtain a flat, smooth sur
35、face.6.4 Cut washed test fabric into desired size swatches.6.4.1 Orientation of the test swatch can influence the ob-served staining/wicking characteristics of the test stain and alsothe stain removal perceived by either visual grading or instru-mental reflectance. It is therefore important to ident
36、ify thefabric grain (direction of the threads relative to the selvage4http:/www.aatcc.org/testing/supplies/washers.htmD4265 142edge) and the face side of the fabric when the test specimensare made. Devise a swatch marking system to ensure that allspecimens in the same test series are stained and gra
37、ded withthe same fabric orientation.6.4.2 Size of the test swatch is not critical, though swatchesof about 12 to 120 in.2(77 to 800 cm2) in area are suitable forall phases of the testing procedure. To maintain orientationconsistency, it is suggested to use rectangular rather thansquare swatches.7. S
38、tain Material7.1 The key recommendations for inclusion of a stain arethat it is relevant to home laundering and is a useful perfor-mance sensor. Suggested performance measures include butare not limited to sensitivity, reproducibility, precision, anddynamic range. A stain may be selected to indicate
39、 variouscleaning objectives, such as representing a specific cleaningmechanism (enzymatic break-down, particulate suspension,surfactant roll-up, bleaching, and so forth), or predicting animportant consumer stain or stain class (grass, coffee, greases,clays, and so forth). It is recommended that prel
40、iminaryresearch is done to ensure that the stain set can sufficientlydiscriminate between products in which product differences areexpected.7.2 The spectrum of selected staining materials can greatlyinfluence the relative performance assessment of the stainremoval products. The stain types most appr
41、opriate for aspecific test series are usually dictated by experience. Stainingmaterials most often recommended for stain removal assess-ments are tea, coffee, wine, grape juice, mustard, spaghettisauce, gravy, blueberry puree or jam, chocolate syrup, grass,human or animal blood, ball point ink, draw
42、ing ink, facialmakeup base, dirty motor oil, artificial sebum/particulate soil,clay, mud, chocolate ice cream, meat drippings, butter and oil.See Annex A2 for more detailed descriptions and preparationinformation for these staining materials.7.3 Testing of six or more stain types is suggested forcha
43、racterizing the performance profile of a stain removalproduct, especially if more than one functional ingredient (forexample, oxidizing agent, enzyme, solvent, and so forth) ispresent in the tested formulations.8. Procedure8.1 Before testing, the administrator shall ensure that allunwashed stains ar
44、e matched across treatments. Demonstrationof matching could include prereading of stains using instru-mental evaluation (strongly recommended), certification ofstain matching by the supplier, or visual inspection. Stainsmust be preread instrumentally when utilizing the SRI equation(see 10.3.1.2).8.2
45、 Set aside clean, unwashed samples of each fabric typetested to be used as reference standards for each equation.8.3 Design the test protocol to generate at least threereplicated values for each type of test specimen subjected to theindividual variable (product or procedure) under study. Mul-tiple r
46、uns are suggested to increase statistical confidence. Themixing of different kinds of stains in the same wash treatmentis acceptable. However, the mixture of stain types and totalnumber of stained swatches (soil load) should be the same ineach treatment wash. Caution should be used not to overload i
47、nthe same wash treatment as too much soil may impact theability to differentiate products.8.3.1 Other test protocol factors may present a constraint onthe number of test swatches per wash load. Accommodatingtest designs should still have the stain type and soil levelvariables balanced across the tre
48、atment washes.8.4 Fixed Test ConditionsAll test conditions not understudy should be fixed within the range of normal householdpractice. The following are suggested as representative ofmany households:8.4.1 Matched Washing MachinesAll washings shall beperformed in the same machine or in mechanically
49、matchedunits of the same model machine.8.4.2 Washer Settings:8.4.2.1 Conventional Deep-fill Traditional Top-loaderNormal/casual setting, 10-14 min wash cycle, appropriatewater fill for load size, regular spin speed.8.4.2.2 Front-loading HENormal/casual or normal/colorssetting, normal soil level, high spin speed.8.4.2.3 Top-loading HENormal/casual or normal/colorssetting, normal soil level, high spin speed.8.5 TemperatureTemperature tolerance within a test isrecommended to be 62F (1C).8.5.1 Conventional Deep-fill Top Loader86 6 5F (30 63C) wash cycle,
