1、Designation: D4290 15Standard Test Method forDetermining the Leakage Tendencies of Automotive WheelBearing Grease Under Accelerated Conditions1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4290; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the
2、 case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure forevaluating leakage tendencies of whe
3、el bearing greases whentested under prescribed conditions.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard. The exception is apparatus dimensions, in inches,which are to be regarded as the standard.1.3 This standard does not
4、purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specificwarning statements, see Secti
5、on 8.2. Referenced Documents2.1 AFBMA Standard:2AFBMA Standard 19 1974 (ANSI B.3.19-1975)3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 lubricant, nany material interposed between twosurfaces that reduces the friction or wear between them.3.1.2 lubricating grease, na semifluid to solid product ofa dispersion o
6、f a thickener in a liquid lubricant.3.1.2.1 DiscussionThe dispersion of the thickener forms atwo-phase system and immobilizes the liquid lubricant bysurface tension and other physical forces. Other ingredients arecommonly included to impart special properties.3.1.3 thickener, nin lubricating grease,
7、 a substance com-posed of finely-divided particles dispersed in a liquid lubricantto form the products structure.3.1.3.1 DiscussionThe solid thickener can be fibers (suchas various metallic soaps) or plates or spheres (such as certainnon-soap thickeners) which are insoluble or, at the most, onlyvery
8、 slightly soluble in the liquid lubricant. The generalrequirements are that the solid particles be extremely small,uniformly dispersed, and capable of forming a relatively stable,gel-like structure with the liquid lubricant.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 automotive wheel be
9、aring grease, na lubricatinggrease specifically formulated to lubricate automotive wheelbearings at relatively high grease temperatures and bearingspeeds.3.2.2 leakage, nof wheel bearing grease, separation andoverflow of grease or oil from the bulk grease charge, inducedby high temperatures and bear
10、ing rotation.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The test grease is distributed in a modified, automobilefront wheel hub-spindle-bearings assembly. While the bearingsare thrust-loaded to approximately 111 N, the hub is rotated at1000 rpm and the spindle temperature maintained at 160 C for20 h. Leakage of g
11、rease or oil, or both, is measured, and thecondition of the bearing surface is noted at the end of the test.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method differentiates among wheel bearinggreases having distinctly different high-temperature leakagecharacteristics. It is not the equivalent of longtime
12、service tests.5.2 This test method has proven to be helpful in screeninggreases with respect to leakage tendencies for automotivewheel bearing applications.NOTE 1It is possible for skilled operators to observe changes in greasecharacteristics that can occur during the test, such as grease condition.
13、Leakage is reported as a quantitative value, whereas the evaluation ofgrease condition is subject to differences in personal judgment amongoperators and cannot be used effectively for quantitative measurements.6. Apparatus6.1 Test Assembly (Figs. 1 and 2).6.1.1 Custom-made Wheel Hub-Spindle-Bearing
14、Assembly(Fig. 3).1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.G0.05 on Functional Tests - Temperature.Current edition approved April 1, 2015. Published April 2015. Originallyap
15、proved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D4290 07 (2012).DOI: 10.1520/D4290-15.2Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright AS
16、TM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States16.1.2 Oven, electrically heated by 1800 watt heater, thermo-statically controlled to maintain spindle temperature at 160 61.5 C.6.1.3 Spindle Drive Motor,14 hp, 120 volts dc with1725 rpm speed contr
17、ol for the hub; motor torque is indicatedby a meter equipped with an adjustable, automatic cutoff.6.1.4 Fan Drive Motor,130 hp, 120 v dc, 1550 rpm.6.2 Motor speed, oven temperature, spindle temperature,time cycles and torque are controlled or monitored, or both, byaccessory equipment.6.3 A grease sl
18、inger has been added since the originaldesign of the apparatus. Fig. 4 shows the slinger used for thehub of Koehler and Pam apparatus.NOTE 2The slinger was developed to prevent grease from creepingalong the hub and being slung off past the grease collector. Greases thatcrept during the test can lead
19、 to erroneously low results. Addition of theslinger will not affect the precision data in Section 13 because none of theround-robin greases exhibited grease creepage.6.4 Balance, having a minimum capacity of 100 g andminimum sensitivity of 0.1 g.7. Test Bearings7.1 Use LM67048-LM67010 and LM11949-LM
20、11910 (AF-BMA Standard 19) inboard and outboard bearings, respec-tively.8. Reagents and Materials8.1 Penmul L460 (previously called Penetone-ECS)3(WarningCombustible. Vapors can be harmful.)3The sole source of supply of Penmul L460 (previously called Penetone-ECS)known to the committee at this time
21、is Penetone Corp., 74 HudsonAve., Tenaply, NJ07670. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information toASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consider-ation at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.NOTE 1Caution
22、should be taken when modifying older units since some may still contain asbestos insulation leading to a possible inhalation hazard.FIG. 1 Wheel Bearing Lubricant Tester (Elevation View)FIG. 2 Wheel Bearing Lubricant Tester (Top View)D4290 1528.2 n-heptanereagent grade minimum purity.(WarningFlammab
23、le. Harmful if inhaled.)8.3 Isopropyl Alcoholreagent grade minimum purity.(WarningFlammable.)8.4 Mineral Spiritsreagent grade. (WarningCombustible. Vapors may be harmful.)8.5 SAE 10W Engine Oil.8.6 00 Grade Steel Wool.9. Preparation of Bearings9.1 Carefully remove new bearings (cups and cones) fromt
24、heir packages and place in a suitable clean container. Washwith n-heptane to remove all rust preventative.9.2 Repeat washing with n-heptane two additional times tobe certain all rust preventative has been removed. Use a cleanbeaker each time.9.3 Drain n-heptane from the bearings and set them on acle
25、an, lint-free cloth or towel to air dry.NOTE 3Cleaning may be facilitated by the use of a sonic cleaner.10. Procedure10.1 Prior to each test, check the freedom of movement ofthe thrust loading shaft (Fig. 3) in the spindle. If binding isnoted, remove and clean both shaft and spindle bore.10.2 Instal
26、l new cups in the cleaned hub in the locationshown by Figs. 1 and 2.10.3 Weigh an inboard and outboard bearing cone to thenearest 0.1 g. Using the grease packer shown in Figs. 5 and 6and an extra set of cups, fill the cones with the test grease. Usecare to avoid moving the rollers or bearing compone
27、nts whileremoving the cones from the cups and in all subsequent wipingand handling steps. Strike off excess grease flush with the frontface of the cone (near small end of rollers) using a smallspatula. Wipe all grease from cone bore, cone back face,exterior cage surfaces, and exposed roller surfaces
28、 with a clean,lint-free cloth or towel and reweigh. Adjust the grease weightin the inboard cone to 3.0 6 0.1 g and in the outboard cone toFIG. 3 Spindle and Thrust Rod ComponentsFIG. 4 Grease Slingers for Pam and Koehler HubsD4290 1532.0 6 0.1 g by wiping or adding grease to the groove betweenthe ca
29、ge and the cone back face. Apply a thin film of grease onthe cups.10.4 Distribute 55.0 6 0.2 g of grease in a uniform layer inthe hub.10.5 Weigh the leakage collector to the nearest 0.1 g.10.6 Install the leakage collector, inboard cone, hub, andoutboard cone on the spindle (Fig. 2). Lock the compon
30、ents inplace with the end cap and screw. Install the spindle connector.10.7 Referring to Fig. 3, adjust the thrust load as follows:Tighten the compression nut (G) until the spring (F) is seatedagainst the back plate (E), but not compressed. Bring the locknut (H) up to the compression nut (G). Withou
31、t moving H,compress F by tightening G until the compression gage (J) willfit between H and G. Hold J in position and back off G until Jis held firmly between H and G.NOTE 4Compression gage J has been machined such that insertionand adjustment of G causes spring F to compress and apply approximately1
32、11 N (25 lbf) of axial loading on the wheel bearings. It is the understand-ing of Subcommittee G that the intent of the axial load is to ensure that thebearing is properly aligned on the spindle and remains so through theduration of the test.Evaluation of a limited selection of these parts indicates
33、 the potentialfor significant variations in axial load when the instructions in 10.5 arefollowed. Since it was first published, this test method has not requiredcalibration of the compression nut, spring, and gauge. So it seems that itis not critical to achieve an axial load of 111 N within an unspe
34、cifiedtolerance. Therefore there is no requirement to calibrate the test parts or toconfirm the loading achieved.10.8 Insert the thermocouple in the spindle thrust rod andposition the junction at the center of the outboard bearingposition. Close the cabinet and position the motor to operatinglocatio
35、n.NOTE 5Do not engage the drive at this point. Start the motor andadjust the speed to 1000 6 50 rpm. At this point observe and record theunloaded motor current (N).10.9 Turn off the motor, engage the drive coupling, and lockin position. Set the timer to begin 20 h cycle. Restart the motorand again a
36、djust the speed to 1000 6 50 rpm. Turn on theheaters and adjust the oven temperature to maintain the spindletemperature at 160 6 1.5 C (320 6 2.7 F). When the spindletemperature has stabilized at the test temperature, make nofurther adjustment of the oven temperature for the duration ofthe test.10.1
37、0 A steady-state running torque will develop in the first2 h of operation as indicated by a stabilized value on the meter.Record this value as steady-state current (T). Determine themotor cutoff value as follows:C 5 8T 2 N!1N (1)where:C = motor cut-off value, amps,T = steady-state current, amps, and
38、N = unloaded motor current, amps.Set the automatic torque cut-off of motor to value C.10.11 Permit the apparatus to operate under the prescribedconditions of load, speed, and temperature for 20 6 0.25 h. Ifthe preset torque cut-off is exceeded, the test will be terminatedautomatically.NOTE 6The moto
39、r is protected by a 30-s time delay.10.12 Open the cabinet and allow the tester to cool toapproximately 55 C using ambient air and no additionalcooling aids (that is, fans) to facilitate disassembly.10.13 Weigh the leakage collector to the nearest 0.1 g andreport the weight as grease leakage. The gr
40、ease collector willcontain about 15 g before overflowing. This represents about25 % of the total grease charge. If the collector overflows,report grease leakage as +25 %.11. Parts Cleanup11.1 With a spatula, remove as much grease as possiblefrom the hub, grease collector, end cap, and spindle connec
41、tor.11.2 Place the parts in a suitable clean container (preferablystainless steel) and cover with Penmul L460 (see 8.1). Install aloosely fitting cover and heat gently (70 6 10 C) until theparts are clean (several hours). Avoid prolonged (overnight)heating as parts corrosion can occur.11.3 Remove th
42、e parts from the solvent and wash with hotrunning water. Rinse immediately with isopropyl alcohol (see8.3). Air dry. If the parts will not be used immediately, apply athin film of SAE 10W engine oil.11.4 Use a spatula to scrape grease off of the spindle.Remove remaining deposits from the spindle usi
43、ng 00 gradeFIG. 5 Bearing PackerD4290 154steel wool and mineral spirits (see 8.4). If strongly adherentdeposits resist this treatment, remove the spindle and clean inhot Penmul L460.12. Report12.1 Report the leakage to the nearest 0.1 g as determined in10.13.12.2 Report other observations such as gr
44、ease movement inthe hub, condition of the bearings, and so forth.12.3 Report the presence on the bearing surface of anyadherent deposit of varnish, gum, or lacquer-like material,which is evident after removal of the grease.NOTE 7With some wheel bearing greases, it will be found that greasethickeners
45、 are not completely washed from the bearings with ASTMn-heptane. A film of grease thickener may, therefore, remain on thebearings. This film can be readily distinguished from varnish, gum, orlacquer-like deposits resulting from deterioration of the lubricant.13. Precision and Bias413.1 PrecisionThe
46、precision of this test method wasdetermined by statistical examination of interlaboratory results.In 1988 a more precise bearing packing procedure wasincluded in 10.3. The precision data shown was obtainedearlier using a less detailed packing procedure:13.1.1 Repeatability The difference between two
47、 testresults obtained by the same operator with the same apparatusunder constant operating conditions on identical test materialwould, in the long run, in the normal and correct operation ofthe test method, exceed the following values in only one casein twenty.Repeatability 5 1.504! =X (2)where:X =
48、the average of the two test results.13.1.2 Reproducibility The difference between two singleand independent results obtained by different operators work-ing in different laboratories on identical test material would, inthe long run, in the normal and correct operation of the testmethod, exceed the f
49、ollowing values in only one case intwenty.Reproducibility 5 3.848! =X (3)where:X = the average of the two test results.4Supporting data (cooperative test programs to develop this procedure) havebeen filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requestingResearch Report RR:D02-1176.FIG. 6 Bearing PackerD4290 15513.2 BiasThe procedure in Test Method D4290 for mea-suring the leakage tendencies of automotive wheel bearinggreases under accelerated conditions has no bias because thevalue of grease leakage can be defined only i
