1、Designation: D4317 98 (Reapproved 2011)Standard Specification forPolyvinyl Acetate-Based Emulsion Adhesives1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4317; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.INTRODUCTIONThis specification is a replacement for F
3、ederal Specification MMM-A-180C, Class B, August 6,1979, Adhesive, Vinyl Acetate Resin Emulsion, which superseded MMM-A-193C, October 26, 1967.It has been expanded to include the more water-resistant polyvinyl acetate-based adhesives now on themarket, in addition to the less water-resistant ones for
4、merly covered by the Federal Specification.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers polyvinyl acetate or polyvinylacetate copolymer resin emulsion adhesives suitable for use onwood, wood-based substrates, or plastic laminates. It does notcover the group of polyvinyl-based adhesives which aresuitable fo
5、r bonding flexible films.1.2 The adhesives are classified at three performance levelsin accordance with water-resistance as shown in Table 1 andTable 2. See Section 5 for a description of the expectedexposure conditions for each class of adhesive. See Table X1.1for a classification of typical end pr
6、oducts that are manufac-tured using adhesives at the three performance levels coveredby this specification.1.3 The following index is provided as a guide to the testmethods portion of this specification:SectionTests for Physical Properties 9Viscosity 9.1.1Density 9.1.2Nonvolatiles 9.1.3pH 9.1.4Tests
7、 for Adhesive Bond 10Block Shear Strength, Compression 10.2Plywood Shear Tests 10.31.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parenthesis are for informationpurposes only.1.5 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to thetest method portion, Se
8、ctions 9 and 10, of this specification:This standard does not purport to address all of the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety andhealth practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitatio
9、ns prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D905 Test Method for Strength Properties of AdhesiveBonds in Shear by Compression LoadingD906 Test Method for Strength Properties of Adhesives inPlywood Type Construction in Shear by Tension LoadingD907 Terminology of AdhesivesD1084 Test Met
10、hods for Viscosity of AdhesivesD1490 Test Method for Nonvolatile Content of Urea-Formaldehyde Resin SolutionsD1875 Test Method for Density ofAdhesives in Fluid FormD2556 Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of AdhesivesHaving Shear-Rate-Dependent Flow PropertiesE4 Practices for Force Verification of T
11、esting MachinesE70 Test Method for pH of Aqueous Solutions With theGlass Electrode2.2 Federal Standards:Fed. Std. No. 123 Marking for Shipment (Civil Agencies)3PPP-C-96 Cans, Metal, 28-Gauge and Lighter3PPP-D-723 Drums, Fiber3PPP-D-729 Drums, Shipping and Storage, Steel, 55 gal (208L)31This specific
12、ation is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D14 onAdhesives and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D14.30 on WoodAdhesives.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2011. Published January 2011. Originallyapproved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D4317 98 (2004).DOI: 10.1520
13、/D4317-98R11.2For referenced standards, visit the website, wwworg, or contact CustomerService at service.org. For Annual Book of Standards volume information, referto the standards Document Summary page on the website.3Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,Section D, 7
14、00 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http:/www.dodssp.daps.mil.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.2.3 Military Standard:MIL-STD-129 Marking for Shipment and Storage33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsMany terms in thi
15、s specification are de-fined in Terminology D907.3.1.1 emulsion, na two-phase liquid system in whichsmall droplets of one liquid (the internal phase) are immisciblein, and are dispersed uniformly throughout, a second continu-ous liquid phase (the external phase).3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe internal phase
16、is sometimes de-scribed as the disperse phase.3.1.2 latex, na stable dispersion of polymeric substance inan essentially aqueous medium.3.1.3 polyvinyl acetate emulsion adhesive, na latex adhe-sive in which the polymeric portion comprises polyvinylacetate, copolymers based mainly on polyvinyl acetate
17、, or amixture of these, and which may contain modifiers andsecondary binders to provide specific properties.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 adhesive designation, nan adhesive that is manufac-tured by a unique combination of raw materials and process,that conforms to a given
18、set of physical and performanceproperties, and is identified by a specific name, number, oralphanumeric designation.3.2.2 lot, nadhesive manufactured at one place from thesame batch or blend of raw materials subjected to the sameoperation and conditions.3.2.3 assembly, nSee adhesive assembly in Term
19、inologyD907.NOTE 1In this specification, the maple block lamination in TestMethod D905 and the birch plywood construction in Test Method D906are described as assemblies.4. Significance and Use4.1 This specification addresses the need for a set of testingprocedures that demonstrates the difference in
20、 physical prop-erties and in adhesive bonding properties among the manyavailable polyvinyl acetate-based adhesives. Because of thediverse nature of the end products bonded with these adhe-sives, testing in compliance with this specification can onlyevaluate the adhesive tested under a given set of c
21、onditions.The physical properties of the adhesive are tested and includedin the report in order to give information on certain handlingand working properties. The adhesive bonding properties aremeasured by tests performed on maple block specimens andbirch plywood specimens, prepared and tested in ac
22、cordancewith Test Methods D905 and D906, respectively. The testrequirements are based on knowledge within the industry ofvalues which may be expected. Test Methods D905 and D906have a long history of use as a basis for many specifications.4.2 This specification does not describe the end-use prod-uct
23、s for which each class of adhesive is acceptable, but it doesdescribe the general exposure conditions for which each classwill perform in a satisfactory manner. See Appendix X1.5. Classification of Adhesive Performance5.1 For purposes of this specification, adhesives are classi-fied on the basis of
24、water resistance at three performancelevels, wet-use, intermediate use, and dry-use:5.1.1 Type 1, Wet UseAn adhesive passing Type 1 testrequirements as given in Table 1 and Table 2, and havinghigh-water resistance, capable of producing sufficientadhesive-joint strength and durability to make the bon
25、dedproduct serviceable under conditions in which the equilibriummoisture content (EMC) of the wood may be 16 % to amaximum of 21 % for short periods of time, and where thetemperature may reach levels as high as 71C (160F) (attimes) during service. This adhesive will withstand mostoutdoor conditions,
26、 such as repeated soakings. It is not,however, suitable for marine conditions where immersionwould be continual. As tested in this specification, a Type 1adhesive is water-resistant, but not necessarily waterproof.5.1.2 Type 2, Intermediate UseAn adhesive passing Type2 test requirements as given in
27、Table 1, and having goodwater-resistance, capable of producing sufficient adhesive-jointstrength and durability to make the bonded products service-able under interior or protected conditions in which there willTABLE 1 Test RequirementsTest Section NumberTest Requirement,min, psi (kPa)Required Tests
28、Type 1 Type 2 Type 3Block shear (compression) dry at 75F (24C) 10.2 2800 (19 306) X X XPlywood (tension):dry at 75F (24C) 10.3.3.1 400 (2758) X X Xdry at 160F (71.1C) 10.3.3.2 or 10.3.3.3 250A(1724) X X XTwo-cycle boil 10.3.3.4 see Table 2 X48-h soak 10.3.3.5 250 (1724) X XHumidity exposure 10.3.3.6
29、 250A(1724) XFreeze-thaw stability 10.3.3.7BoptionalBoptionalBoptionalBStorage life 10.3.3.8CXCXCXCAOr 40 % of dry value at 75F (24C), whichever is larger.BTesting and certification for freeze-thaw stability is optional. To classify a test adhesive as freeze-thaw stable, test an initial lot of the a
30、dhesive brand in accordancewith 6.2 and 10.3.3.7.CTesting of an initial lot of the adhesive brand in accordance with 6.3 and 10.3.3.8 is required.TABLE 2 Test Requirements (Continued)Average Failing Load, psi(kPa)AType I Test Requirement Two-Cycle Boil(10.3.3.4) (Minimum Wood Failure, %)Average of A
31、llSpecimensIndividualSpecimenUnder 250 (1724) 50 25250 to 350 (1724 to 2413) 30 10Above 350 (2143) 15 10ASee Table 9 in Interim Voluntary Product Standard for Hardwood and Deco-rative Plywood, HP-1, 1993.D4317 98 (2011)2be occasional intermittent exposure to wet conditions or highhumidity and where
32、the temperature may reach levels as highas 71C (160F) (at times) during service.5.1.3 Type 3, Dry UseAn adhesive passing Type 3 testrequirements as given in Table 1, and capable of producingsufficient adhesive-joint strength and durability to make thebonded lumber product serviceable under normal in
33、teriorservice conditions where the relative humidity is not high anddoes not fluctuate between wide limits, and where the tempera-ture may reach levels as high as 71.1C (160F).6. Test Requirements6.1 To meet the requirements of this specification, subjectthe test adhesive to the tests in Section 9,
34、and make the resultsof these tests a part of the report. In addition, the adhesive is tomeet the requirements of the tests described in Section 10 andlisted in Table 1 and Table 2, for the adhesive classification forwhich it is to be certified.6.2 Testing for freeze-thaw stability is optional. In or
35、der tocertify that an adhesive brand meets the requirements forfreeze-thaw stability, test an initial lot in accordance with10.3.3.7. All test requirements shall be passed for the appli-cable adhesive classification. Following this initial test, certi-fication for this requirement may be based on su
36、bmission of themanufacturers certification.6.3 To meet the storage life requirements, test an initial lotof the adhesive brand in accordance with 10.3.3.8. All testrequirements shall be passed for the applicable adhesiveclassification. Following this initial test, certification for thisrequirement m
37、ay be based on submission of the manufacturerscertification.7. Retest and Rejection7.1 When a specimen fails at a load less than that specified,the failure taking place 50 % or more in the wood, disregardthat specimen in computing the average. If more than one thirdof the test specimens for any one
38、test condition are discardedfor this reason, repeat the test.7.2 If the results of any initial test do not conform to therequirements prescribed in this specification, repeat that test onan additional set of specimens made from the same lot ofadhesive, each of which conforms to the requirements spec
39、i-fied. If this set of specimens fails to meet the requirements,reject the lot.8. Sampling8.1 Take a 2-L (2-qt) sample of adhesive that is representa-tive of the lot to be tested. Place 1 L qt of the adhesive in awide-mouth, glass, 1-L (1-qt) container and seal tightly. Usefor all tests with the exc
40、eption of freeze-thaw stability(10.3.3.7), and storage life (10.3.3.8). For the initial test only,to provide samples for testing these two properties, divide thesecond quart 1-L (1-qt) equally and use half for freeze-thawstability and half for storage life. See 10.3.3.7 and 10.3.3.8 forinstructions.
41、9. Tests for Physical Properties9.1 Test the properties of the adhesives by the followingmethods and report the values.9.1.1 Viscosity:9.1.1.1 Bring the adhesive sample to 25 6 0.5C (77 6 1F)and hold at this temperature during the viscosity reading. Testin accordance with Test Methods D1084, Method
42、B, except for(1) temperature requirement, and (2) addition of Brookfieldmodel LV to the list of acceptable viscometers in 6.1 of TestMethods D1084.9.1.1.2 For adhesives requiring the addition of a catalyst,take two viscosity measurements of the test adhesive (1) beforethe addition of the catalyst, a
43、nd (2) after the addition of thecatalyst. Test in accordance with 9.1.1.1.NOTE 2Other temperatures may be used upon agreement between thecontracting parties, but the 60.5C (61F) tolerance must be observed.NOTE 3Upon agreement between the contracting parties viscositymay be tested and reported in acc
44、ordance with Test Method D2556, usingthe Brookfield synchrolectric viscometer specified in Test MethodsD1084, Method B.9.1.2 DensityMeasure the density of the adhesive inaccordance with Test Method D1875 and report as weight pergallon in pounds.9.1.3 NonvolatilesDetermine the nonvolatile content oft
45、he adhesive in accordance with Test Method D1490.9.1.3.1 For adhesives requiring the addition of a catalyst,measure the nonvolatiles of the adhesive without catalyst.NOTE 4Test Method D1490 covers the determination of the nonvola-tile content of urea-formaldehyde resin; however, the procedure given
46、isapplicable to polyvinyl acetate adhesives.9.1.4 pHBring the adhesive to 25 6 0.5C (77 6 1F) anddetermine the pH in accordance with Test Method E70.10. Tests for Adhesive Bond10.1 For all tests, select equipment that complies withPractices E4.10.2 Block Shear Strength (Compression):10.2.1 Prepare t
47、he test specimens in accordance with TestMethod D905, using the adhesive manufacturers instructionsfor conditions and procedures for preparing the adhesive,applying it to the stock, and for assembling, pressing, andcuring the joint. Use a two-week curing period unless other-wise instructed by the ad
48、hesive manufacturer.10.2.2 Number of Test SpecimensTest 20 test specimensrepresenting at least four joints.10.2.3 Cured (Dry) TestFollowing the prescribed condi-tioning period for the assembly being tested, bring one testgroup of 20 test specimens to 8 6 1 % moisture content (MC)and test in accordan
49、ce with Test Method D905. Apply the loadthrough a self-aligning seat to ensure uniform lateral distribu-tion of the load, except apply the load with a continuousmotion of the movable loading head at a rate of 12.7 mm (0.5in.)/min (610 %).10.2.4 CalculationCalculate the shear stress at failure inkilopascals (kPa) or pounds per square inch (psi), based on thetest specimens breaking load and tested bond-line area,measured to the nearest 6.5 mm2(0.01 in.2).10.3 Plywood Shear Tests:10.3.1 Prepare the test specimens in accordance with TestMeth
