1、Designation: D4391 18aStandard Terminology Relating toThe Burning Behavior of Textiles1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4391; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number i
2、n parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.The definitions in this standard have been approved by the Society and are included in D123 “Terminology Relating to Textiles”. Theyare published as a sepa
3、rate collection for the convenience of persons interested in the burning behavior of textiles. A bibliography ofrelated literature is given in Appendix X1.afterflame, npersistent flaming of a material after the igni-tion source has been removed. D13.92 D4391after-flame time, nthe length of time for
4、which a materialcontinues to flame after the ignition source has beenremoved. D13.92 D4391afterglow, nglow in material after the removal of an externalignition source or after the cessation (natural or induced) offlaming of the material. (See also flame, glow, and smol-dering.)afterglow time, nthe t
5、ime afterglow continues after thecessation of flaming or after removal of the ignition source.D13.92 D4391base burn, nthe point at which the flame burns the ground(base) fabric of a raised surface textile fabric and provides aself-sustaining flame.DISCUSSIONBase burn is also known as base fabric ign
6、ition orfusing. The base burns used to establish a Class 3 fabric are those burnsresulting from surface flash that occur on specimens in places otherthan the point of impingement when the warp and fill yarns of a raisedsurface textile fabric undergo combustion. Base burns can be identifiedby an opac
7、ity change, scorching on the reverse side of the fabric, orwhen a physical hole is evident.burn time, nthe time elapsed from ignition until the stopthread is severed as measured by the timing mechnsim of thetest apparatus.burning behavior, nall the changes that take place whenmaterials or products a
8、re exposed to a specified ignitionsource.charring, nthe formation of carbonaceous residue as theresult of pyrolysis or incomplete bustible textile, na textile that will ignite and burn orthat will give off vapors that will ignite and burn whensubjected to external sources of ignition. (Compare flam-
9、mable textile, noncombustible textile.)combustion, na chemical process of oxidation that occurs ata rate fast enough to produce heat and usually light either asglow or flames.DISCUSSIONSome oxidation such as that of hydrogen emits radia-tion outside the visible spectrum.critical sewn seams, nin asse
10、mbly of flame resistant textiles,those sewn junctions where failure would result in immedi-ate danger or injury.dangerously flammable textile, n not defined. This term isimplied in the Standard for the Flammability of ClothingTextiles (16 CFR Part 1610) under the Flammable FabricsAct (15 USC 1191, e
11、t seq.) from which a meaning can beinferred. (See also flammable textile.)dripping, nas related to the burning of a textile, liquefiedmaterial that separates and falls from a textile.DISCUSSIONThe liquefied material can demonstrate continuedmelting, burning, flaming, or smoldering as it separates an
12、d falls fromthe textile. This can be significant relative to the performance charac-teristics of the textile.embrittlement, nthe formation of a brittle residue as theresult of pyrolysis or incomplete combustion.exposure energy to thermal end point, nthe thermal energytransferred through a specimen t
13、hat is sufficient to causeignition of contiguous materials. D13.92 D7140fire, nas related to textile flammability, an uncontrolledconflagration in which materials are destroyed by burning asevidenced by flames of varying size and shape, and a highintensity heat source of 5 kw or greater, such as a b
14、urningwaste basket, grease-fire on a stove, burning building orforest fire.flame, nas related to textile flammability, a hot luminouszone of gas or matter in gaseous suspension, or both, that isundergoing combustion, that is relatively constant in sizeand shape, and that produces a relatively low he
15、at flux.(Compare fire.)1This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.92 on Terminology.Current edition approved July 1, 2018. Published August 2018. Originallyapproved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2018 a
16、s D4391 18. DOI:10.1520/D4391-18A.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Prin
17、ciples for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1DISCUSSIONExamples are a match flame, candle flame, or a Bunsenburner gas flame.flame application time, nthe time for which the ignitio
18、nflame is applied to a material.flame resistance, nthe property of a material wherebyflaming combustion is prevented, terminated, or inhibitedfollowing application of a flaming or nonflaming source ofignition, with or without subsequent removal of the ignitionsource.DISCUSSIONFlame resistance can be
19、 an inherent property of thebasic material or product, or it may be imparted by specific treatment.The degree of flame resistance exhibited by a specific material duringtesting may vary with different test conditions.flame resistant, adjindicating characteristics that can en-hance inhibition of a te
20、xtile to flaming.DISCUSSION“Flame resistant” is the government mandated descrip-tion for certain products that meet established governmental confor-mance standards or specifications when the product is tested by aspecific method. Where no conformance standards exist, “flame resis-tant” is a relative
21、 term and is used to compare one material to another.flame retardant, adjnot defined. This term should not beused as an adjective except in the terms “flame-retardant-treated” and “flame-retardant treatment”.flame retardant, na chemical used to impart flame resis-tance.flame-retardant-treated, adjha
22、ving received a flame-retardant treatment.DISCUSSIONThe term “flame-retardant-treated” does not apply totextiles that are inherently-flame-resistant due to the intrinsic propertiesof the material or the fiber-forming polymer.flame-retardant treatment, na process for incorporating oradding flame reta
23、rdant(s) to a material or product.DISCUSSIONThe term “flame-retardant treatment” does not apply totextiles that are inherently flame resistant due to the intrinsic propertiesof the material or the fiber-forming polymer.flame spread, nthe propagation of a flame away from thesource of ignition. D13.92
24、 D4391flame spread time, nthe time taken by a flame on a burningmaterial to travel a specified distance under specifiedconditions. D13.92 D4391flammability, nthose characteristics of a material that per-tain to its relative ease of ignition and relative ability tosustain combustion.flammable textile
25、, nany combustible textile that burns witha flame. (See also flammability. ) (Compare combustibletextile, noncombustible textile.)flaming debris, nmaterial which continues to flame as itseparates and moves away from the flaming source.D13.92 D4391glow, nvisible, flameless combustion of the solid pha
26、se of amaterial. (See also afterglow and smoldering.)DISCUSSIONA solid may both glow and give off combustibles thatburn in the gas phase (that is, flame) but the two are not necessarilyinterdependent. Aspects of glow not involving combustion are definedin dictionaries of general terms.heat durabilit
27、y, nthe extent to which a material retains itsuseful properties at ambient air conditions, following itsexposure to a specified temperature and environment for aspecified time and its return to the ambient air conditions.(Compare heat resistance.)heat durable, adjhaving heat durability.heat flux, nt
28、he thermal intensity indicated by the amount ofpower per unit area.DISCUSSIONThe SI unit for heat flux is watts per square meter(W/m2).heat resistance, nthe extent to which a material retainsuseful properties as measured during exposure of the mate-rial to a specified temperature and environment for
29、 aspecified time. (Compare heat durability.)heat resistant, adjindicating resilient characteristics thatwill continue to be present when a textile is exposed to aspecified elevated temperature for a specified period of time.ignition, nthe initiation of combustion.inherent flame-resistance, nas appli
30、ed to textiles, flameresistance that derives from an essential characteristic of thefiber from which the textile is made. (Compare flameresistance.)inherently-flame-resistant, adjhaving inherent flame-resistance.melting, nthe liquefaction of material under the influence ofheat, flame or a combinatio
31、n thereof. D13.92 D4391noncombustible textile, na textile that will neither ignite norgive off vapors that will ignite when subjected to externalsources of ignition. (Compare combustible textile.)nonflammable textile, nany combustible textile that burnswithout a flame. (See also glow, smoldering.) (
32、Compareflammable textile, combustible textile, noncombustibletextile.)refurbish, nas applied to textile products, to brighten orfreshen up and restore to wearability or use by cleaning suchas drycleaning, laundering, or steam cleaning.retained sewn seam strength(RSS 50), nfor testing of flameresista
33、nt textiles, the mean value of force that results in thefailure of a sewn seam assembly after exposure to high heat,open flame, or both.self-extinguishing, nnot defined. The Board of Directors ofASTM has ruled that the term “self-extinguishing” shall notbe used in ASTM standards. It has no meaning e
34、xcept inassociation with a specific test method or specific conditionsof burning.smoldering, nthe combustion of a solid material withoutaccompaniment of flame but generally with the productionof smoke. (See also afterglow and glow.)D4391 18a2DISCUSSIONSmoldering can be initiated by small or low temp
35、era-ture sources of ignition, especially in loose materials, and may bepresent for an extended period of time after which a flame might beproduced.surface flash, nthe burning of the surface fibers, with nobase fiber burning.wall and top material, nany pliable planar structure used asa nonbase surfac
36、e in camping tentage including roofs, sides,windows, screens, door, awnings, flies, and canopies.D13.92 D4391INDEXING TERMSThis standard is indexed under the following terms: burning behavior, flammability, and terminology.APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. RELATED LITERATURE(1) “Establishing Wor
37、ld Flammability Terms”, TextileWorld Vol 126 No. 6, June 1975, pp. 107109.(2) ASTM Standard E176“ Terminology Relating to FireStandards.”(3) Gaskill, James R., “Concept of Smoke and Fire Gases,”Standardization News Vol 7 No. 12, December 1979, pp.2324.(4) “Burning Behavior of Textiles and Textile Pr
38、oductsVocabulary: Part 1” Draft International Standard ISO/DIS4880/1.(5) “Burning Behavior of Textiles and Textile ProductsVocabulary: Part 2” Draft International Standard ISO/DIS4880/2.(6) Warren Y. Kimbal, Fire Department Terminology, 4th ed.,National Fire Protection Association, Boston (1970).(7) Kuvshinoff, B. W., Fire Sciences Dictionary, John Wileyor through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 18a3
