1、Designation: D4437 08 (Reapproved 2013)Standard Practice forNon-destructive Testing (NDT) for Determining the Integrityof Seams Used in Joining Flexible Polymeric SheetGeomembranes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4437; the number immediately following the designation indicates t
2、he year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice is intended for use as a summary of
3、nondestructive quality control test methods for determining theintegrity of seams used in the joining of flexible sheet materialsin a geotechnical application. This practice outlines the testprocedures available for determining the quality of bondedseams. Any one or combination of the test methods o
4、utlined inthis practice can be incorporated into a project specification forquality control. These test methods are applicable to manufac-tured flexible polymeric membrane linings that are scrimreinforced or nonreinforced. This practice is not applicable todestructive testing. For destructive test m
5、ethods look at otherASTM Standards and Practices.1.2 The types of seams covered by this practice include thefollowing: Thermally Bonded Seams, Hot Air, Hot Wedge (orKnife), Extrusion, Solvent Bonded Seams, Bodied SolventBonded Seams, Adhesive Bonded or Cemented Seams, TapedSeams, Waterproofed Sewn S
6、eams.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials,operations, and equipment. Thi
7、s standard does not purport toaddress all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with itsuse. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard toestablish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2
8、.1 ASTM Standards:2D5641 Practice for Geomembrane Seam Evaluation byVacuum ChamberD5820 Practice for Pressurized Air Channel Evaluation ofDual Seamed GeomembranesD6365 Practice for the Nondestructive Testing of Geomem-brane Seams using the Spark TestD7006 Practice for Ultrasonic Testing of Geomembra
9、nesD7177 Specification for Air Channel Evaluation of Polyvi-nyl Chloride (PVC) Dual Track Seamed Geomembranes3. Significance and Use3.1 The use of geomembranes as barrier materials to restrictliquid migration from one location to another in soil and rock,and the large number of seam methods and type
10、s used injoining these geomembrane sheets, has created a need forstandard tests by which the various seams can be compared andthe quality of the seam systems can be non-destructivelyevaluated. This practice is intended to meet such a need.3.2 The geomembrane sheet material shall be formulatedfrom th
11、e appropriate polymers and compounding ingredients toform a plastic or elastomer sheet material that meets allspecified requirements for the end use of the product. The sheetmaterial (reinforced or nonreinforced) shall be capable of beingbonded to itself by one of the methods described in 1.2inaccor
12、dance with the sheet manufacturers recommendationsand instructions.4. Nondestructive Test Methods4.1 For all test methods listed below, any and all flaws inseam construction that are detected under a given test proce-dure shall be repaired. All nondestructive test methods listedare not necessarily a
13、pplicable to all polymeric geomembranematerials.4.2 Air Lance TestInspect all seams for unbonded areasusing an air nozzle directed on the upper seam edge and surfaceto detect loose edges, riffles indicating unbonded areas withinthe seam, or other undesirable seam conditions. Check allbonded seams us
14、ing a minimum 50 psi (345 kPa) (gage) airsupply directed through a316 in. (4.8 mm) (typical) nozzle,held not more than 2 in. (51 mm) from the seam edge anddirected at the seam edge.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosyn-thetics and is the direct responsibility of Su
15、bcommittee D35.10 on Geomembranes.Current edition approved May 1, 2013. Published June 2013. Originallyapproved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D443708. DOI:10.1520/D4437-08R13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at
16、 serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.3 Vacuum Box TestingInspect all seams for unbonde
17、dareas by applying a vacuum to a soaped section of seam. Thevacuum shall be applied by a vacuum box equipped with avacuum gage, a clear glass view panel in the top, and a softrubber gasket on the periphery of the open bottom3. Thor-oughly soap a section of the seam and place the inspection boxover t
18、he soaped seam section and the gasket sealed to the liner.Apply a vacuum between 4 and 8 in. (122 and 244 mm) ofmercury (Hg) to the box by use of a gasoline or electric-drivenpower vacuum pump apparatus. The applied vacuum will showbubbles over unbonded areas; the unbonded areas can then bemarked fo
19、r repair. See Practice D5641.4.4 Ultrasonic (High Frequency) Pulse Echo TestingTestall non-reinforced seams by passing a high frequency soundwave through the seam overlap to detect discontinuities in thebonded seam. A commercially available frequency generatorcapable of producing frequencies in the
20、range of 5 to 15 MHzshall be used. The contact send/receive transducer head shall bethe width of the bonded seam width and shall be capable ofbeing moved at the rate of 5 to 7 ft/min (1.5 to 2.1 m/min)along the surface length of the seam area. The transducer headshall be so designed as to give conti
21、nuous surface to surfacethickness measurements once calibrated. Assure good contactof the test head with the lining surface by providing acontinuous contact medium (water) at the interface betweentest head and lining. The ultrasonic signal shall be capable ofbeing viewed on a monitor and capable of
22、triggering an audiblealarm when a discontinuity is detected. Discontinuities shall bemarked after detection. See Practice D7006.4.5 Mechanical Point StressingThis test method shall beused as a qualitative measure of edge bonding. A bluntinstrument (for example, a screwdriver) shall be run along thee
23、dge of the seam to find obvious unbonded areas. Theprocedure shall not puncture or otherwise damage the sheetmaterial. Perform point stressing only after the seam has hadsufficient time to cure in accordance with manufacturersdirections. This test method is not applicable to all materials,especially
24、 those that are easily punctured.4.6 Pressurized Air Channel Evaluation of Dual SeamGeomembranesThis test is applicable to dual track seamsseparated by an unwelded air channel. See Practice D5820. SeeSpecification D7177 for PVC Geomembranes.4.7 Spark TestThis test is applicable to seams made byextru
25、sion method or seams where it is practical to insert aconductive material in the seam just prior to or duringfabrication. See Practice D6365.5. Report5.1 The report shall include the following:5.1.1 Complete identification of geomembrane system, in-cluding type of polymer, source, thickness, reinfor
26、ced ornonreinforced sheeting,5.1.2 Complete identification of seaming system used, in-cluding material, method, temperatures, seam width, cure time,and date of fabrication of seams,5.1.3 Quality control test or tests used as outlined in thispractice,5.1.4 The type of nondestructive test and number o
27、f appar-ent failures and repairs per 100 ft (30.5 m) of seam.6. Precision and Bias6.1 No statement is made about either the precision or biasof this practice since it merely refers to available nondestruc-tive methods which could be used in determining the quality ofbonded seams.ASTM International t
28、akes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own
29、responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addr
30、essed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at
31、the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (
32、phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).3The sole source of supply of the apparatus (Series A 100 Straight Seam Tester)known to
33、the committee at this time is the American Parts and Service Company,2201 West Commonwealth Avenue, P.O. Box 702, Alhambra, CA 91802. If you areaware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM Interna-tional Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meetingof the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.D4437 08 (2013)2
