1、Designation: D4439 11D4439 14Standard Terminology forGeosynthetics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4439; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indica
2、tes the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Referenced Documents1.1 ASTM Standards:2C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete AggregatesD1987 Test Method for Biological Clogging of Geotextile or Soil/Geotext
3、ile FiltersD4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics and Rolled Erosion Control Products(RECPs) for TestingD4439D4491 Test Methods for Water Permeability of Geotextiles by PermittivityD4533 Test Method for Trapezoid Tearing Strength of GeotextilesD4594 Test Method for Effects of Temperature on St
4、ability of GeotextilesD4595 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Geotextiles by the Wide-Width Strip MethodD4632 Test Method for Grab Breaking Load and Elongation of GeotextilesD4716 Test Method for Determining the (In-plane) Flow Rate per Unit Width and Hydraulic Transmissivity of a GeosyntheticUs
5、ing a Constant HeadD4751 Test Method for Determining Apparent Opening Size of a GeotextileD4759 Practice for Determining the Specification Conformance of GeosyntheticsD4833 Test Method for Index Puncture Resistance of Geomembranes and Related ProductsD4873 Guide for Identification, Storage, and Hand
6、ling of Geosynthetic Rolls and SamplesD4884 Test Method for Strength of Sewn or Bonded Seams of GeotextilesD4885 Test Method for Determining Performance Strength of Geomembranes by the Wide Strip Tensile MethodD5101 Test Method for Measuring the Filtration Compatibility of Soil-Geotextile SystemsD51
7、41 Test Method for Determining Filtering Efficiency and Flow Rate of the Filtration Component of a Sediment RetentionDeviceD5262 Test Method for Evaluating the Unconfined Tension Creep and Creep Rupture Behavior of GeosyntheticsD5322 Practice for Laboratory Immersion Procedures for Evaluating the Ch
8、emical Resistance of Geosynthetics to LiquidsD5323 Practice for Determination of 2 % Secant Modulus for Polyethylene GeomembranesD5397 Test Method for Evaluation of Stress Crack Resistance of Polyolefin Geomembranes Using Notched Constant TensileLoad TestD5494 Test Method for the Determination of Py
9、ramid Puncture Resistance of Unprotected and Protected GeomembranesD5496 Practice for In Field Immersion Testing of GeosyntheticsD5514 Test Method for Large Scale Hydrostatic Puncture Testing of GeosyntheticsD5567 Test Method for Hydraulic Conductivity Ratio (HCR) Testing of Soil/Geotextile SystemsD
10、5594 Test Method for Determination of the Vinyl Acetate Content of Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate (EVA) Copolymers by FourierTransform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR)D5617 Test Method for Multi-Axial Tension Test for GeosyntheticsD5641 Practice for Geomembrane Seam Evaluation by Vacuum ChamberD5747 Practice f
11、or Tests to Evaluate the Chemical Resistance of Geomembranes to LiquidsD5818 Practice for Exposure and Retrieval of Samples to Evaluate Installation Damage of GeosyntheticsD5820 Practice for Pressurized Air Channel Evaluation of Dual Seamed GeomembranesD5994 Test Method for Measuring Core Thickness
12、of Textured Geomembranes1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of D35 on Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of D35.93 on Editorial and Terminology.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2011March 1, 2014 Published October 2011March 2014. Originally approved in 1984. Last previous edition
13、 approved in 20042011 asD4439 04.D4439 11. DOI: 10.1520/D4439-11.10.1520/D4439-14.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page
14、 on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that us
15、ers consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States11.2 Federal Standard:3Feder
16、al Standard 751a Stitches, Seams, and Stitchings2. Terminologyabsorption, nthe process by which a liquid is drawn into and tends to fill permeable pores in a porous solid body, also, theincrease in mass of a porous solid body resulting from penetration of a liquid into its permeable pores. C125aerob
17、ic, na condition in which a measurable volume of air is present in the incubation chamber or system. D1987anaerobic, na condition in which no measurable volume of air is present in the incubation chamber or system. D1987apparent opening size (AOS),O95, nfor a geotextile, a property which indicates t
18、he approximate largest particle that wouldeffectively pass through the geotextile. D4751atmosphere for testing geosynthetics, nair maintained at a relative humidity between 50 to 70 % and a temperature of 21 62C (70 6 4F). D4439, D4751, D5494back flushing, na process by which liquid is forced in the
19、 reverse direction to the flow direction. D1987basis weightdeprecated term (do not use in the sense of mass per unit area). D4439bend, vtin mechanics, to force an object from its natural or manufactured shape into a curve or into increased curvature. D4439biocide, na chemical used to kill bacteria a
20、nd other microorganisms. D1987blinding, nfor geotextiles, the condition where soil particles block the surface openings of the fabric, thereby reducing thehydraulic conductivity of the system. D4439biocide, na chemical used to kill bacteria and other microorganisms. D1987breaking force, (F), J,nthe
21、force at failure. D4885breaking load, nthe maximum force applied to a specimen in a tensile test carried to rupture. D4632breaking toughness, T, (FL1),Jm2, nfor geotextiles, the actual work-to-break per unit surface area of material. D4595, D4885chemical resistance, nthe ability to resist chemical a
22、ttack. D5322clogging, nfor geotextiles, the condition where soil particles move into and are retained in the openings of the fabric, therebyreducing the hydraulic conductivity. D4439clogging potential, nin geotextiles, the tendency for a given geotextile to decrease permeability due to soil particle
23、s that haveeither lodged in the geotextile openings or have built up a restrictive layer on the surface of the geotextile. D5101compressed thickness (t, (L), mm),nthickness under a specified stress applied normal to the material. D4439constant-rate-of-load tensile testing machine (CRL), na testing m
24、achine in which the rate of increase of the load being appliedto the specimen is uniform with time after the first 3 s. D4439corresponding force, nsynonym for force at specified elongation. D4885coupon, na portion of a material or laboratory sample from which multiple specimens can be taken for test
25、ing. D5747creep, nthe time-dependent increase in accumulative strain in a material resulting from an applied constant force. D5262critical height (ch),nthe maximum exposed height of a cone or pyramid that will not cause a puncture failure of a geosyntheticat a specified hydrostatic pressure for a gi
26、ven period of time. D5514cross-machine direction, nthe direction in the plane of the fabric perpendicular to the direction of manufacture. D4632density (, (ML3), kg/m3),nmass per unit volume. D4439design loadthe load at which the geosynthetic is required to operate in order to perform its intended f
27、unction. D5262elastic limit, nin mechanics, the stress intensity at which stress and deformation of a material subjected to an increasing forcecease to be proportional; the limit of stress within which a material will return to its original size and shape when the force isremoved, and hence, not a p
28、ermanent set. D4885elongation at break, nthe elongation corresponding to the breaking load, that is, the maximum load. D46323 Available from DLA Document Services, Building 4/D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, http:/quicksearch.dla.mil.D4439 142failure, nan arbitrary point beyond whic
29、h a material ceases to be functionally capable of its intended use. D4885, D5262failure, nin testing geosynthetics, water or air pressure in the test vessel at failure of the geosynthetic. D5514flexible polypropylene, na material having a 2 % secant modulus of less than 300 MPa (40,000 psi) as deter
30、mined by TestMethod D5323 produced by polymerization of propylene with or without other alpha olefin monomers.field testing, ntesting performed in the field under actual conditions of temperature and exposure to the fluids for which theimmersion testing is being performed. D5496filldeprecated term,
31、see filling.filling, nyarn running from selvage to selvage at right angles to the warp in a woven fabric. D4439flexible polypropylene, na material having a 2 % secant modulus of less than 300 MPa (40,000 psi) as determined by PracticeD5323 produced by polymerization of propylene with or without othe
32、r alpha olefin monomers.force at specific elongation, FASE, nthe force associated with a specific elongation on the force-elongation curve. D4439force-elongation curve, nin a tensile test, a graphical representation of the relationship between the magnitude of an externallyapplied force and the chan
33、ge in length of the specimen in the direction of the applied force. (Synonym for stress-strain curve.)D4885geocomposite, na product composed of two or more materials, at least one of which is a geosynthetic.geofoam, nblock or planar rigid cellular foamed polymeric material used in geotechnical engin
34、eering applications.geogrid, na geosynthetic formed by a regular network of integrally connected elements with apertures greater than 6.35 mm (14in.) to allow interlocking with surrounding soil, rock, earth, and other surrounding materials to function primarily asreinforcement. D5262geomembrane, nan
35、 essentially impermeable geosynthetic composed of one or more synthetic sheets. D4439,D4873, D4885, D5994, D5820geonet, na geosynthetic consisting of integrally connected parallel sets of ribs overlying similar sets at various angles for planardrainage of liquids or gases. D4439geomembrane, geostrip
36、nan essentially impermeable geosynthetic composed of one or more synthetic sheets.polymericmaterial in the form of a strip of width not more than 200 mm (7.87 in.), used in contact with soil or other materials ingeotechnical and civil engineering applications, or both. D4439,D4873, D4885, D5994, D58
37、20geosynthetic, na planar product manufactured from polymeric material used with soil, rock, earth, or other geotechnicalengineering related material as an integral part of a man-made project, structure, or system. D4354, D4759, D4873, D5617,D5818geosynthetic clay liner, na manufactured hydraulic ba
38、rrier consisting of clay bonded to a layer or layers of geosyntheticmaterials.geotechnical engineering, nthe engineering application of geotechnics. D4439, D4595geotechnics, nthe application of scientific methods and engineering principles to the acquisition, interpretation, and use ofknowledge of m
39、aterials of the earths crust to the solution of engineering problems. D4439, D4491, D4595, D4716, D4751geotextile, na permeable geosynthetic comprised solely of textiles.DISCUSSIONGeotextiles perform several functions in geotechnical engineering applications, including: separation; filtration; drain
40、age; reinforcement; andprotection. D1987, D4439, D5594grab test, nin fabric testing, a tension test in which only a part of the width of the specimen is gripped in the clamps. D4632gradient ratio, nin geotextiles, the ratio of the hydraulic gradient through a soil-geotextile system to the hydraulic
41、gradientthrough the soil alone. D5101gravity flow, nflow in a direction parallel to the plane of a geotextile or related product driven predominately by a differencein elevation between the inlet and outflow points of a specimen. D4716D4439 143head, npressure at a point in a liquid, expressed in ter
42、ms of the vertical distance of the point below the surface of the liquid.D4716hydraulic conductivity (k),nthe rate of discharge of water under laminar flow conditions through a unit cross-sectional area ofa porous medium under a unit hydraulic gradient and standard temperature conditions (20C). D556
43、7hydraulic conductivity ratio (HCR),nthe ratio of the hydraulic conductivty of the soil/geotextile system, ksg, at any time duringthe test, to the initial hydraulic conductivity, ksgo, measured at the beginning of the test (new).(NEW).hydraulic gradient, i, s (D)the loss of hydraulic head per unit d
44、istance of flow, dH/dL. D5101hydraulic transmissivity, (L2 T1),nfor a geotextile or related product, the volumetric flow rate of water per unit width ofspecimen per unit gradient in a direction parallel to the plane of the specimen. D4716hydrostatic pressure, na state of stress in which all the prin
45、cipal stresses are equal (and there is no shear stress), as in a liquidat rest; induced artificially by means of a gaged pressure system; the product of the unit weight of the liquid and the differencein elevation between the given point and the free water elevation. D5514index test, na test procedu
46、re which may contain a known bias but which may be used to establish an order for a set of specimenswith respect to the property of interest. D4833, D4885inflection point, nthe first point of the force-elongation curve at which the second derivative equals zero. D4885initial tensile modulus, Jp (FL1
47、), Nm1,nfor geosynthetics, the ratio of the change in force per unit width to the change inelongation of the initial portion of a force-elongation curve. D4885in-plane flow, nfluid flow confined to a direction parallel to the plane of a geotextile or related product. D4716integral, adjin geosyntheti
48、cs, forming a necessary part of the whole; constituent. D4439laboratory sample, na portion of material taken to represent the lot sample, or the original material, and used in the laboratoryas a source of test specimens. D4354laminar flow, nflow in which the head loss is proportional to the first po
49、wer of the velocity. D4716linear density, nmass per unit length; the quotient obtained by dividing the mass of a fiber or yarn by its length.lot, na unit of production, or a group of other units or packages, taken for sampling or statistical examination, having one or morecommon properties and being readily separable from other similar units. D4354lot sample, none or more shipping units taken at random to represent an acceptance sampling lot and used as a source oflaboratory samples. D4354machi
