1、Designation: D4485 14Standard Specification forPerformance of Active API Service Category Engine Oils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4485; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revis
2、ion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.INTRODUCTIONThis specification covers all the currentl
3、y active American Petroleum Institute (API) engine oilperformance categories that have been defined in accordance with theASTM consensus process. Thereare organizations with specifications not subject to the ASTM consensus process, such as theInternational Lubricant Standardization and Approval Comm
4、ittee (ILSAC), American PetroleumInstitute (API SM, SN Specifications), and the Association des Constructeurs Europeans dAutomobiles (ACEA). Certain of these specifications, which have been defined primarily by the useof current ASTM test methods, have also been included in the Appendixes for inform
5、ation.In the ASTM system, a specific API designation is assigned to each category. The system isopen-ended, that is, new designations are assigned for use with new categories as each new set of oilperformance characteristics are defined. Oil categories may be referenced by engine builders inmaking l
6、ubricant recommendations, and used by lubricant suppliers and customers in identifyingproducts for specific applications. Where applicable, candidate oil programs are conducted inaccordance with theAmerican Chemistry Council (ACC) PetroleumAdditives ProductApproval Codeof Practice.Other service cate
7、gories not shown in this document have historically been used to describe engineoil performance (SA, SB, SC, SD, SE, SF, SG, SH and CA, CB, CC, CD, CD-II, CE, CF, CF-2, CF-4,CG-4) (see 3.1.2). SA is not included because it does not have specified engine performancerequirements. SH is not included be
8、cause it was a category that could not be licensed for gasolineengine oil use in the API Service Symbol after Dec. 2, 2010. (NoteThe SH category has beenincluded in Appendix X8 as relevant information in combination with “C” categories.) The others arenot included because they are based on test meth
9、ods for which engine parts, test fuel, or reference oils,or a combination thereof, are no longer available. Also, the ASTM 5-Car and Sequence VI Proceduresare obsolete and have been deleted from the category Energy Conserving and Energy Conserving II(defined by Sequence VI). Information on excluded
10、older categories and obsolete test requirementscan be found in SAE J183.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers engine oils for light-duty andheavy-duty internal combustion engines used under a variety ofoperating conditions in automobiles, trucks, vans, buses, andoff-highway farm, industrial, and co
11、nstruction equipment.1.2 This specification is not intended to cover engine oilapplications such as outboard motors, snowmobiles, lawnmowers, motorcycles, railroad locomotives, or oceangoingvessels.1.3 This specification is based on engine test results thatgenerally have been correlated with results
12、 obtained on refer-ence oils in actual service engines operating with gasoline ordiesel fuel. As it pertains to the API SL engine oil category, itis based on engine test results that generally have beencorrelated with results obtained on reference oils run ingasoline engine Sequence Tests that defin
13、ed engine oil catego-ries prior to 2000. It should be recognized that not all aspects1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.B0 on Automotive Lubricants.Current edition
14、approved Dec. 1, 2014. Published January 2015. Originallyapproved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D4485 11c. DOI:10.1520/D4485-14.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, P
15、A 19428-2959. United States1of engine oil performance are evaluated by the engine tests inthis specification. In addition, when assessing oil performance,it is desirable that the oil be evaluated under actual operatingconditions.1.4 This specification includes bench and chemical tests thathelp evalu
16、ate some aspects of engine oil performance notcovered by the engine tests in this specification.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.5.1 Exceptions:1.5.1.1 The roller follower shaft wear in Test Method D5966is i
17、n mils. Some of the appendixes are verbatim from othersources, and non-SI units are included.1.5.1.2 The bearing wear in Test Method D6709 is in gramsand is described as weight loss, a non-SI term.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by ClevelandOpen C
18、up TesterD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petro-leum Products by Copper Strip TestD412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplas-tic ElastomersTensionD471 Test Method for Rubber PropertyEffect of LiquidsD874
19、Test Method for Sulfated Ash from Lubricating Oilsand AdditivesD892 Test Method for Foaming Characteristics of Lubricat-ing OilsD2240 Test Method for Rubber PropertyDurometer Hard-nessD2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2887 Test
20、 Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Pe-troleum Fractions by Gas ChromatographyD3244 Practice for Utilization of Test Data to DetermineConformance with SpecificationsD4171 Specification for Fuel System Icing InhibitorsD4683 Test Method for Measuring Viscosity of New andUsed Engine Oils at High
21、Shear Rate and High Tempera-ture by Tapered Bearing Simulator Viscometer at 150 CD4684 Test Method for Determination of Yield Stress andApparent Viscosity of Engine Oils at Low TemperatureD4951 Test Method for Determination of Additive Elementsin Lubricating Oils by Inductively Coupled PlasmaAtomic
22、Emission SpectrometryD5119 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive EngineOils in the CRC L-38 Spark-Ignition Engine (Withdrawn2003)3D5133 Test Method for Low Temperature, Low Shear Rate,Viscosity/Temperature Dependence of Lubricating OilsUsing a Temperature-Scanning TechniqueD5185 Test Method for M
23、ultielement Determination ofUsed and Unused Lubricating Oils and Base Oils byInductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrom-etry (ICP-AES)D5293 Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oilsand Base Stocks Between 5 C and 35 C UsingCold-Cranking SimulatorD5302 Test Method for Evaluation of A
24、utomotive EngineOils for Inhibition of Deposit Formation and Wear in aSpark-Ignition Internal Combustion Engine Fueled withGasoline and Operated Under Low-Temperature, Light-Duty Conditions (Withdrawn 2003)3D5480 Test Method for Engine Oil Volatility by Gas Chro-matography (Withdrawn 2003)3D5481 Tes
25、t Method for Measuring Apparent Viscosity atHigh-Temperature and High-Shear Rate by Multicell Cap-illary ViscometerD5533 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive EngineOils in the Sequence IIIE, Spark-Ignition Engine (With-drawn 2003)3D5800 Test Method for Evaporation Loss of LubricatingOils by the
26、Noack MethodD5844 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive EngineOils for Inhibition of Rusting (Sequence IID) (Withdrawn2003)3D5966 Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils for RollerFollower Wear in Light-Duty Diesel EngineD5967 Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils inT-8 Diesel Engine
27、D6082 Test Method for High Temperature Foaming Charac-teristics of Lubricating OilsD6202 Test Method for Automotive Engine Oils on the FuelEconomy of Passenger Cars and Light-Duty Trucks in theSequence VIA Spark Ignition Engine (Withdrawn 2009)3D6278 Test Method for Shear Stability of Polymer Contai
28、n-ing Fluids Using a European Diesel Injector ApparatusD6335 Test Method for Determination of High TemperatureDeposits by Thermo-Oxidation Engine Oil SimulationTestD6417 Test Method for Estimation of Engine Oil Volatilityby Capillary Gas ChromatographyD6483 Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engin
29、e Oils inT-9 Diesel Engine (Withdrawn 2009)3D6557 Test Method for Evaluation of Rust Preventive Char-acteristics of Automotive Engine OilsD6593 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive EngineOils for Inhibition of Deposit Formation in a Spark-Ignition Internal Combustion Engine Fueled with Gaso-line
30、 and Operated Under Low-Temperature, Light-DutyConditions2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The
31、 last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.D4485 142D6594 Test Method for Evaluation of Corrosiveness ofDiesel Engine Oil at 135 CD6681 Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils in a HighSpeed, Single-Cylinder Diesel EngineCaterpillar 1PTest ProcedureD6709 Test M
32、ethod for Evaluation of Automotive EngineOils in the Sequence VIII Spark-Ignition Engine (CLR OilTest Engine)D6750 Test Methods for Evaluation of Engine Oils in aHigh-Speed, Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine1K Proce-dure (0.4 % Fuel Sulfur) and 1N Procedure (0.04 % FuelSulfur)D6794 Test Method for Measu
33、ring the Effect on Filterabilityof Engine Oils After Treatment with Various Amounts ofWater and a Long (6 h) Heating TimeD6795 Test Method for Measuring the Effect on Filterabilityof Engine Oils After Treatment with Water and Dry Iceand a Short (30 min) Heating TimeD6837 Test Method for Measurement
34、of Effects of Automo-tive Engine Oils on Fuel Economy of Passenger Cars andLight-Duty Trucks in Sequence VIB Spark Ignition En-gineD6838 Test Method for Cummins M11 High Soot TestD6891 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive EngineOils in the Sequence IVA Spark-Ignition EngineD6894 Test Method for
35、Evaluation ofAeration Resistance ofEngine Oils in Direct-Injected Turbocharged AutomotiveDiesel EngineD6896 Test Method for Determination of Yield Stress andApparent Viscosity of Used Engine Oils at Low Tempera-tureD6922 Test Method for Determination of Homogeneity andMiscibility in Automotive Engin
36、e OilsD6923 Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils in a HighSpeed, Single-Cylinder Diesel EngineCaterpillar 1RTest ProcedureD6975 Test Method for Cummins M11 EGR TestD6984 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive EngineOils in the Sequence IIIF, Spark-Ignition EngineD6987/D6987M Test Method for E
37、valuation of Diesel En-gine Oils in T-10 Exhaust Gas Recirculation DieselEngineD7097 Test Method for Determination of Moderately HighTemperature Piston Deposits by Thermo-Oxidation En-gine Oil Simulation TestTEOST MHTD7109 Test Method for Shear Stability of Polymer Contain-ing Fluids Using a Europea
38、n Diesel Injector Apparatus at30 and 90 CyclesD7156 Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils inthe T-11 Exhaust Gas Recirculation Diesel EngineD7216 Test Method for DeterminingAutomotive Engine OilCompatibility with Typical Seal ElastomersD7320 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine
39、Oils in the Sequence IIIG, Spark-Ignition EngineD7422 Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils inT-12 Exhaust Gas Recirculation Diesel EngineD7468 Test Method for Cummins ISM TestD7484 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive EngineOils for Valve-Train Wear Performance in Cummins ISBMedium-D
40、uty Diesel EngineD7528 Test Method for Bench Oxidation of Engine Oils byROBO ApparatusD7549 Test Method for Evaluation of Heavy-Duty EngineOils under High Output ConditionsCaterpillar C13 TestProcedureD7563 Test Method for Evaluation of the Ability of EngineOil to Emulsify Water and Simulated Ed85 F
41、uelD7589 Test Method for Measurement of Effects of Automo-tive Engine Oils on Fuel Economy of Passenger Cars andLight-Duty Trucks in Sequence VID Spark Ignition En-gineE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with SpecificationsE178 Practice for Dealing With Out
42、lying Observations2.2 Society of Automotive Engineers Standards:4SAE J183 Engine Oil Performance and Engine ServiceClassificationSAE J300 Engine Oil ClassificationSAE J1423 Passenger Car and Light-Duty Truck Energy-Conserving Engine Oil ClassificationSAE J2643 Standard Reference Elastomers (SRE) for
43、 Char-acterizing the Effects on Vulcanized Rubber2.3 American Petroleum Institute Publication:5API 1509 Engine Oil Licensing and Certification System(EOLCS)2.4 Government Standard:6DOD CID A-A-52039A (SAE 5W-30, 10W-30, and 15W-40)2.5 American Chemical Council Code:7ACC Petroleum Additives Product A
44、pproval Code of Prac-tice3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 automotive, adjdescriptive of equipment associatedwith self-propelled machinery, usually vehicles driven byinternal combustion engines.3.1.2 category, nin engine oils, a designation such as SJ,SL, SM, SN, CH-4, CI-4, CJ-4, Energy Conservin
45、g, ResourceConserving, and so forth, for a given level of performance inspecified engine and bench tests.3.1.3 classification, nin engine oils, the systematic ar-rangement into categories in accordance with different levels ofperformance in specified engine and bench tests.4Available from Society of
46、 Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 CommonwealthDr., Warrendale, PA 150960001.5Available from American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L. St., NW,Washington, DC 20005-4070, http:/www.api.org.6Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: S
47、DE, Washington, DC 20401.7Available fromAmerican Chemical Council, 1300 Wilson Blvd.,Arlington, VA22209.D4485 1433.1.4 heavy duty, adjin internal combustion engineoperation, characterized by average speeds, power output, andinternal temperatures that are generally close to the potentialmaximums.3.1.
48、5 heavy-duty engine, nin internal combustion enginetypes, one that is designed to allow operation continuous at orclose to its peak output.3.1.6 light-duty, adjin internal combustion engineoperation, characterized by average speeds, power output, andinternal temperatures that are generally much lowe
49、r than thepotential maximums.3.1.7 light-duty engine, nin internal combustion enginetypes, one that is designed to be normally operated at substan-tially less than its peak output.3.1.7.1 DiscussionThis type of engine is typically in-stalled in automobiles and small trucks, vans, and buses.3.1.8 lugging, adjin internal combustion engineoperation, characterized by a combined mode of relativelylow-speed and high-power output.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 C category, nthe group of engine oils that areintended primarily for use
