1、Designation: D4489 95 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Practices forSampling of Waterborne Oils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4489; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number
2、 in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These practices describe the procedures to be used incollecting samples of waterborne oils (see Practice D3415), oilfound on adjoining shorel
3、ines, or oil-soaked debris, for com-parison of oils by spectroscopic and chromatographictechniques, and for elemental analyses.1.2 Two practices are described. Practice A involves “grabsampling” macro oil samples. Practice B can be used to samplemost types of waterborne oils and is particularly appl
4、icable insampling thin oil films or slicks. Practice selection will bedictated by the physical characteristics and the location of thespilled oil. These two practices are:SectionsPractice A (for grab sampling thick layers of oil, viscous oils oroil soaked debris, oil globules, tar balls, or stranded
5、 oil)9 to 13Practice B (for TFEfluorocarbon polymer strip samplers) 14 to 171.3 Each of the two practices is designed to collect oilsamples with a minimum of water, thereby reducing thepossibility of chemical, physical, or biological alteration byprolonged contact with water between the time of coll
6、ectionand analysis.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standar
7、d to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.For specific hazards statements, see Section 7.1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on st
8、andard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD3415 Pr
9、actice for Identification of Waterborne Oils3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this standard, refer toTerminology D1129.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 chain of custody, na documented accountability ofeach sample, that is, date, time, and si
10、gnature of each recipientwhen the sample changes hands, from the time of collectionuntil the requirement for each sample is terminated.3.2.2 waterborne oil, nrefer to Practice D3415.4. Significance and Use4.1 Identification of the source of a spilled oil is establishedby comparison with known oils s
11、elected because of theirpossible relationship to the spill, that is, potential sources.Generally, the suspected source oils are from pipelines, tanks,etc., and therefore pose little problems in sampling comparedto the spilled oil. This practice addresses the sampling ofspilled oils in particular, bu
12、t could be applied to appropriatesource situations, for example, a ships bilge.5. Apparatus5.1 Sample Containers, 100 to 125-mL wide-mouth glassjars that have been thoroughly cleaned. When field expedientsmust be employed, an empty container of each type usedshould be included in the shipment to the
13、 laboratory, to be usedas a blank to measure inadvertent contamination.5.2 ClosuresLids for the glass jars should have TFE-fluorocarbon polymer film or aluminum-coated insert.5.3 Strip Samplers, 5 by 7.5-cm pieces of TFE-fluorocarbonpolymer sheets (0.25-mm thickness, or screen or fabric (5070mesh).1
14、These practices are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Waterand are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.06 on Methods for Analysisfor Organic Substances in Water.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2017. Published December 2017. Originallyapproved in 1985. Last previous edition
15、approved in 2011 as D4489 95 (2011).DOI: 10.1520/D4489-95R17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.
16、Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of Inter
17、national Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.15.4 Wooden Tongue Depressor.5.5 TFE-Fluorocarbon Polymer Net Sampling Kit.36. Reagents6.1 High Purity Solvents,4that must be used for rinsingsamplers and sample containe
18、rs. The solvents which may beused are n-hexane, mixed hexanes, cyclohexane, pentane, ordichloromethane, acetone, or chloroform.7. Hazards7.1 PrecautionExtreme care should be exercised so asnot to contaminate the samples or cause their integrity to bequestioned.7.2 WarningThe rinsing solvents are vol
19、atile and, exceptfor dichloromethane, are flammable, and therefore should behandled with appropriate care. Dichloromethane will releasetoxic vapors when heated.7.3 Minimize contact with oil even when wearing gloves.8. General Sampling Guidelines8.1 The objective is to obtain a sample for analysis th
20、at isrepresentative of the spilled oil. The most critical factors insampling are selecting a suitable location, collecting a sampleof oil with the least water possible (to minimize possiblesample alteration), and maintaining the sample integrity.8.2 It is recommended that at least three samples be t
21、aken ofeach waterborne oil in order to demonstrate the homogeneity ofthe spill. These samples should be taken in different regions ofthe oil slick at points where the accumulation is heaviest. Thiswill increase the volume of oil available for analysis. In theevent that multiple samples cannot be col
22、lected, then a singlesample should be collected from the area where the accumu-lation of oil visually appears to be the heaviest.8.3 The following general rules are applicable to samplingof waterborne oils:8.3.1 Take a sample that contains sufficient oil for themethod or methods of analysis to be em
23、ployed and for anyreplicate analyses that may be required.8.3.2 Affix a label or tag to the sample jar in such a mannerthat it becomes an integral part of the container. The label ortag should contain the following information: sampleidentification, date and time of collection, location ofcollection
24、, signature of person collecting the sample, and atleast one witness to the collection.8.3.3 Pack the samples, ship, and manipulate prior toanalysis in a manner that maintains a continuous chain ofcustody and safeguards against tampering or changes in theproperties of the samples.8.4 Store collected
25、 samples at refrigerator temperatures (4to 5C).NOTE 1Storage at lower temperatures (10C or lower) may causeirreversible crystallization of waxes. Storage at 4 to 5C obviates thisproblem; biological degradation at 4 to 5C has been found negligible overa 3 to 5-year storage with respect to qualitative
26、 identification of oil.PRACTICE AGRAB SAMPLING9. Scope9.1 This practice is applicable to thick layers of waterborneoil films, viscous oils, oil globules, and tar balls.9.2 This practice is also applicable to sampling oil strandedon shorelines or oil-soaked debris.10. Summary of Practice10.1 The samp
27、ling consists of collecting the sample directlywith the sample container, that is, scooping the sample up inthe sample jar and sealing.11. Apparatus11.1 The sample container serves as the sampling device(see 5.1). The glass jars and lid liners should be rinsed threetimes with a high purity solvent (
28、see 6.1), allowed to air dry,and assembled prior to use. Sample jars that are precleanedusing EPA-recommended wash procedures for organics areacceptable.NOTE 2To avoid possible sample contamination, do not reuse samplecontainers, lids, or liners.11.2 Nitrile gloves are to be worn during sampling.11.
29、3 A detachable ring for the sample jar and sampling polemay be useful to extend sampling range.12. Procedure for Floating Samples12.1 Select the sampling site.12.2 Unscrew the lid from the sample jar. Hold the jar inposition for sampling; hold the lid in a free hand or place thelid in a safe positio
30、n. Gently lower the sample jar into the waterand gently skim the oil layer or oil globules from the watersurface into the sample container. Continue the process untilthe sample container is approximately three-quarters full.12.3 Remove the sample container from the water surface,replace and tighten
31、the lid. Invert the jar and allow thecontainer to stand in this position for 2 to 3 min.12.4 Gently unscrew the sample jar lid and allow the waterlayer to drain out of the inverted container. Seal the lid andreturn the jar to the upright position.12.5 Repeat 12.2 to 12.4, if necessary, until approxi
32、mately60 mL of oil is collected, or until there is no increase in theamount of recovered oil.12.6 When the collection is complete, invert the jar andallow to stand for 10 min. Gently unscrew the lid to drain offexcess water a final time. Tighten the lid and return the jar tothe upright position. Wip
33、e excess water and oil from theoutside surface of the sample container.12.7 Attach a sample label or tag to the container, bearingthe information cited in 8.3.2.3Sampling kit available from General Oceanics, Miami, FL, or equivalent, issuitable.4MCB Spectroquality solvents, available from MCB Manufa
34、cturing Chemists,Inc. (Associate of E. Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), 480 Democrat Rd., Gibbstown,NJ 08027, or equivalent, are suitable.D4489 95 (2017)213. Procedure for Shoreline Sampling (Oil on Sand andDebris)13.1 Select a sampling site where oil accumulation islargest.13.2 Open the sample jar; hold
35、 the jar in one hand and lid inthe other. Using either the sample jar or the lid as a scoop, fillthe jar three-quarters full with oil-saturated material. Use awooden tongue depressor to maneuver the sample into the jar,if necessary.13.3 Replace and tighten the lid. Wipe excess material fromthe outsi
36、de surfaces of the sample container and lid.13.4 Attach the sample label or tag to the container, bearingthe information cited in 8.3.2.PRACTICE BTFE-FLUOROCARBON POLYMERSAMPLERS14. Scope14.1 This practice is applicable to sampling all types of oilby preferential adherence to a film or sheet of TFE-
37、fluorocarbon material. It depends in principle on the lipophilicproperties of TFE-fluorocarbon polymer, that is, the preferen-tial adhesion of oil rather than of water to TFE-fluorocarbonpolymer.14.2 In general, the use of TFE-fluorocarbon polymerscreening (approximately 50 to 70 mesh) will collect
38、signifi-cantly more oil than strips of sheet material.The screen reducesthe rate at which oil rolls off the surface and presents moresurface openings to trap oil droplets, thereby collecting moreoil per unit area of film.14.3 TFE-fluorocarbon polymer mesh fabric sheets arecommercially available. The
39、se are the most efficient form ofTFE-fluorocarbon polymer for sampling oil.Although they canbe used directly in sheet form, this material can be fabricatedinto nets of design similar to a miniature plankton net, furtherincreasing the ease with which the collection device can bebrought into contact w
40、ith the oil sheen. There is little differencein the performance of the nets ranging from 100 to 200-micronmesh size.14.4 The efficiency of collecting oil increases as the viscos-ity of the oil increases. This practice is particularly useful insampling highly weathered oils.15. Summary of Practice15.
41、1 Sampling is accomplished by slowly dragging theTFE-fluorocarbon polymer through the slick and using itsnatural affinity to collect the oil.15.2 The procedure is for the use of strips of TFE-fluorocarbon polymer sheet, TFE-fluorocarbon screen or fabricscreen, or commercially available prefabricated
42、 nets withsupport rings.16. Materials16.1 TFE-fluorocarbon polymer can be obtained in sheets of0.25-mm thickness. To increase the efficiency of oil collection,sheets can be obtained containing five 1.5-mm holes per squarecentimetre. Higher oil collecting efficiency can be obtained byusing the previo
43、usly mentioned 50 to 70-mesh screen (see14.2) or fabric (see 14.3).16.2 TFE-fluorocarbon polymer is cut into 5 by 7.5-cmstrips. Carefully rinse the strips with high purity solvent (see6.1) and air dry. Place eight strips in each sample jar that hasbeen precleaned as described in 11.1, and tightly se
44、al the lids.16.3 Each jar, containing eight strips, is used for taking asingle sample. One jar is set aside in each sampling situationfor use as a blank in subsequent analyses.16.4 Clean tweezers, hemostats, or pliers are required forhandling the TFE-fluorocarbon strips to avoid contamination.16.5 T
45、FE-fluorocarbon polymer mesh fabric, with 150-mdistance between the polymer threads, is available prefabri-cated into nets that are detachable from support rings. The netsand rings are cleaned and prepackaged with nitrile gloves inplastic bags. To avoid contaminating the nets with finger oils,it is
46、critical to handle the nets only with the nitrile gloves.17. Sampling Waterborne Oils17.1 Select the sampling site where oil accumulation isheaviest.17.2 For the strip technique, remove the lid from the samplejar. Using precleaned tweezers, hemostats, or pliers as holders,carefully lay the TFE-fluor
47、ocarbon strips on the inverted lid.Using the holder, take the strips one at a time, and gently dragthem through the slick. Expose both sides of the TFE-fluorocarbon polymer strip to the slick by turning the strip overand dragging it again through the slick, taking care not to getoil on the tweezers,
48、 hemostats, or pliers. Place the strip in theempty sample jar as quickly as possible to prevent loss of oil.17.3 Repeat 17.2 until all eight strips have been used.NOTE 3For extremely thin sheets, it is recommended that 16 strips beused, rather than 8.17.4 For the net technique, remove the nitrile gl
49、oves fromthe kit. Do not handle anything other than the sample kit.Remove the net from its sealed bag using the handle of thesupport ring to which it is attached. If necessary, attach the netsupport ring to the extension pole. Do not allow the net to comeinto contact with anything other than the spill.17.5 Take the sample by skimming through the sheen andstraining the oily water through the net. Make sure that thesheen is entering through the mouth of the net and strainingthrough the fine mesh of the net. Slowly skim the surface withthe net back and forth through
