1、Designation: D 4644 08Standard Test Method forSlake Durability of Shales and Similar Weak Rocks1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4644; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of the slakedurability index of a shale or other similar rock after twodrying and wetting
3、cycles with abrasion.1.2 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPractice D 6026.1.2.1 The method used to specify how data are collected,calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related tothe accuracy to whic
4、h the data can be applied in design or otheruses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using thisstandard is beyond its scope.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to inch-pound units that are provided fo
5、r informa-tion only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of
6、 regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling ofRock for Site InvestigationD 2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Wa-ter (Moisture) Content o
7、f Soil and Rock by MassD 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and ConstructionD 5079 Practices for Preserving and Transporting RockCore SamplesD 6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechni-ca
8、l DataE11 Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for TestingPurposes3. Terminology3.1 For terminology used in this test method, refer toTerminology D 6533.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 slake durability indexthe percentage by dry mass ofa collection of shale pieces retained
9、on a 2.00 mm (No. 10)sieve after two cycles of oven drying and 10 min of soaking inwater with a standard tumbling and abrasion action.4. Significance and Use4.1 The test method is used to estimate qualitatively thedurability of weak rocks in the service environment.(1-7).34.2 This test method is use
10、d to assign quantitative durabilityvalues to weak rocks.Aprimary example is the Franklin RatingSystem (1).NOTE 1The quality of the result produced by this standard isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that mee
11、t thecriteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competentand objective testing, sampling, inspection, and so forth. Users of thisstandard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not initself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors;Practic
12、e D 3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.5. Apparatus5.1 Slake Durability DeviceThe drum (Fig. 1) shall bemade of 2.00 mm (No. 10) square-mesh, woven-wire cloth,conforming to the requirements of Specification E11. It shallbe cylindrical in shape, with a diameter of 140 mm (5.5 i
13、n.) anda length of 100 mm (3.9 in.). The ends shall be rigid plates,with one removable end. It must be sufficiently strong to retainits shape during use, but neither the exterior of the mesh nor theinterior of the drum shall be obstructed by a support. The drumshall be able to withstand a temperatur
14、e of 110 6 5C (230 69F). A trough shall support the drum in a horizontal mannersuch that the drum is free to rotate about its axis. The trough1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.12 on Rock Mechanics.Cur
15、rent edition approved July 1, 2008. Published July 2008. Originally approvedin 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D 4644 04.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume i
16、nformation, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C
17、700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.shall be capable of being filled with slaking fluid to 20 mm (0.8in.) below the drum axis, and shall allow at least 40 mm (1.6in.) unobstructed clearance between the trough and the bottomof the mesh. The drum shall be rotated by a motor capable of
18、maintaining a speed of 20 rpm, constant to within 5 %, for aperiod of 10 min. Devices conforming to these requirementsare commercially available.5.2 Drying Oven, thermostatically controlled, capable ofmaintaining a temperature of 110 6 5C (230 6 9F).5.3 Balance, sensitive to 1 g and having a 2000-g
19、capacity.5.4 Miscellaneous Apparatus, including a brush and ham-mer.5.5 Distilled Water.6. Test Sample and Specimen6.1 Collect, transport, and store test samples and test speci-mens in such a manner as to retain the natural water contentusing the guidelines in Practices D2113and D 5079 and TestMetho
20、d D 2216.6.2 The test specimen shall consist of ten representative,intact, roughly equidimensional shale fragments weighing 40 gto 60 g each. These fragments may be naturally occurring ormay be produced by breaking with a hammer. Such fragmentsmay be obtained from rock cores or from test pits, and t
21、heirsizes will vary with the method of sampling. Break off anysharp corners, if possible, and remove any dust by brushing thefragment just prior to weighing. The total test specimen shallweigh 450 to 550 g.7. Procedure7.1 Photograph specimen prior to placement in drum.7.2 Water ContentUsing Test Met
22、hod D 2216, determinethe water content of each test specimen before testing. Thisshall be done with the shale fragments in the drum to be usedfor the actual testing.7.3 Mount the drum in the trough and couple to the motor.Fill the trough with distilled water at room temperature to 20mm (0.8 in.) bel
23、ow the drum axis. Rotate the drum at 20 rpmfor a period of 10 min. Record the water temperature at thebeginning and end of the run.7.4 Remove the drum from the trough immediately after therotation period is complete and dry the drum and the specimenretained in the oven the same as in 7.2 and obtain
24、theoven-dried mass.7.5 Repeat 7.3 and 7.4 to obtain a final oven-dried mass forthe second cycle.7.6 Photograph specimen retained and file a copy of thephoto with the laboratory report, or record standard verbaldescriptions, as follows:7.6.1 Type IRetained specimen remain virtually un-changed.7.6.2 T
25、ype IIRetained specimen consist of large and smallfragments.7.6.3 Type IIIRetained specimen is exclusively smallfragments.7.7 See Fig. 2 for representative photographs of the threetypes.8. Calculations8.1 Calculate the slake durability index (second cycle), asfollows:Id2! 5 WF2 C!/B 2 C!# 3 100 (1)w
26、here:Id(2) = slake durability index (second cycle),B = mass of drum plus oven-dried specimen before thefirst cycle, g,WF= mass of drum plus oven-dried specimen retainedafter the second cycle, g, andC = mass of drum, g.9. Report9.1 The report shall include the following:9.1.1 Description of the speci
27、men and where it was ob-tained.9.1.2 Slake durability index (second cycle) to the nearest0.1 %.9.1.3 Range and average value of the water temperature.9.1.4 Natural water content.9.1.5 Description of the appearance of the fragments re-tained in the drum (see 7.6).FIG. 1 Critical Dimensions of Slake D
28、urability Device Showing Critical DimensionsD464408210. Precision and Bias10.1 Test data on precision is not presented due to the natureof shale and other similar rock tested by this test method. It iseither not feasible or too costly at this time to produce multiplespecimens which have uniform phys
29、ical properties. Any varia-tion observed on the data is just as likely to be due to specimenvariation as to operator or laboratory testing variation: Sub-committee D18.12 welcomes proposals that would allow fordevelopment of a valid precision statement. There is noaccepted reference value of shale o
30、r weak rock for this testmethod; therefore, bias cannot be determined.11. Keywords11.1 abrasion resistance; shale; slake durability; weak rocksFIG. 2 Illustration of Fragment Types RetainedD4644083REFERENCES(1) Franklin Trow Associates, “Field Evaluation of Shales for Construc-tion Projects,” Resear
31、ch and Development Project No. 1404, Ministryof Transportation and Communications, Research and DevelopmentBranch, Downsview, Ontario, March 1979.(2) Chapman, D. R., “Shale Classification Tests and Systems: A Com-parative Study,” MSCE Thesis and Joint Highway Research ProjectNo. 75-11, Purdue Univer
32、sity, West Lafayette, IN, June 1975, 90 pp.(3) Deo, P., “Shales as Embankment Materials,” Ph.D. Thesis and JointHighway Research Project No. 45, Purdue University, West Lafayette,IN, December 1972, 202 pp.(4) International Society for Rock Mechanics, “Suggested Methods forDetermining Slake-Durabilit
33、y Index Properties,” Commission on Stan-dardization of Laboratory and Field Tests, November 1972.(5) Lutton, R. J., “Design and Construction of Compacted Shale Embank-ments, Volume 3, Slaking Indexes for Design,” Report No. FHWA-RD-77-1, Federal HighwayAdministration, Washington, DC, February1977.(6
34、) Surendra, M., “Additives to Control Slaking in Compacted Shales,”Ph.D. Thesis and Joint Highway Research Project No. 80-6, PurdueUniversity, West Lafayette, IN, May 1980, 277 pp.(7) Oakland, M. W., and Lovell, C. W., “Classification and Other StandardTests for Shale Embankment,” Joint Highway Rese
35、arch Project No.82-4, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, February 1982, 171 pp.SUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee D18 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(D 4644 04) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved July 1, 2008.)(1) Edited Sections 1.
36、3 and 3.2.1.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such
37、 rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additi
38、onal standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the
39、ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D4644084
