1、Designation: D 4649 03 (Reapproved 2009)Standard Guide forSelection and Use of Stretch Wrap Films1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4649; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision
2、. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers recommended guidelines and testmethods for the selection, specification, and use of stretch wrapfilms for unitizi
3、ng, reinforcing, and palletizing for indoorenvironments. This can include storage or transport, or both, inwarehouses, closed containers such as truck trailers or railboxcars, and associated transfer terminals. This guide does notcover the performance issues associated with outdoor expo-sure.1.2 The
4、 values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated
5、with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 882 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin PlasticSheeting
6、D 907 Terminology of AdhesivesD 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD 1003 Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittanceof Transparent PlasticsD 1505 Test Method for Density of Plastics by the Density-Gradient TechniqueD 1746 Test Method for Transparency of Plastic SheetingD
7、 1894 Test Method for Static and Kinetic Coefficients ofFriction of Plastic Film and SheetingD 1898 Practice for Sampling of Plastics3D 1922 Test Method for Propagation Tear Resistance ofPlastic Film and Thin Sheeting by Pendulum MethodD 2103 Specification for Polyethylene Film and SheetingD 2457 Te
8、st Method for Specular Gloss of Plastic Films andSolid PlasticsD 2578 Test Method for Wetting Tension of Polyethyleneand Polypropylene FilmsD 2863 Test Method for Measuring the Minimum OxygenConcentration to Support Candle-Like Combustion ofPlastics (Oxygen Index)D 3951 Practice for Commercial Packa
9、gingD 4321 Test Method for Package Yield of Plastic FilmD 4470 Test Method for Static ElectrificationD 5331 Test Method for Evaluation of Mechanical Han-dling of Unitized Loads Secured with Stretch Wrap FilmsD 5414 Test Method for Evaluation of Horizontal ImpactPerformance of Load Unitizing Stretch
10、Wrap FilmsD 5415 Test Method for Evaluating Load ContainmentPerformance of Stretch Wrap Films by Vibration TestingD 5416 Test Method for Evaluating Abrasion Resistance ofStretch Wrap Films by Vibration TestingD 5458 Test Method for Peel Cling of Stretch Wrap FilmD 5459 Test Method for Machine Direct
11、ion Elastic Recov-ery and Permanent Deformation and Stress Retention ofStretch Wrap FilmE 96/E 96M Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission ofMaterialsE 284 Terminology of Appearance3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerminology found in Terminology D 996shall apply.3.2 Definitions of Terms:3.2.1 blockin
12、gan undesirable adhesion between touchinglayers of a material, such as occurs under moderate pressureduring storage or use. (See Terminology D 907.)3.2.2 claritythe characteristic of a transparent bodywhereby distinct high-contrast images or high-contrast objects(separated by some distance from the
13、body) are observablethrough the body. (See Terminology E 284.)3.2.3 clingthe ability of one surface of a material toadhere to itself or another surface.3.2.4 elastic recoverythe extent that a material returns toits original length after being subjected to an extension.1This guide is under the jurisd
14、iction ofASTM Committee D10 on Packaging andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.25 on Palletizing and Unitizing ofLoads.Current edition approved March 1, 2009. Published March 2009. Originallyapproved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D 4649 03.2For referenced ASTM stan
15、dards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Con
16、shohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.5 elongationincrease in length (expressed as a percentof original length).3.2.6 thickness (caliper, gage) the perpendicular distancebetween opposite surface of a material.3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 conventional brakinga mode o
17、f stretch wrap ma-chinery operation in which wrap material elongation isachieved by relative load motion and supply roll tension.3.3.2 core extensionthe length to which the core extendsbeyond the edge of the wrap material.3.3.3 cut growth resistancethe ability of a wrap materialto resist nick or cut
18、 propagation.3.3.4 film force to loadthe amount of force applied by thefilm to a load in providing load containment.3.3.5 film tailthat portion of wrap material that is appliedto the load after relative load motion ceases.3.3.6 food wrap materiala material designed for use indirect food contact.3.3.
19、7 load containmentthe utilization and protection, orboth, of product(s) for distribution and storage or both.3.3.8 marking wheela device that makes repetitive marksindicating a known distance.3.3.9 measured stretchsee elongation.3.3.10 mechanical prestretcha mode of stretch wrap ma-chinery operation
20、 in which wrap material elongation isachieved through the use of a prestretch device and relativeload motion.3.3.11 nonfood wrap materiala material not for directfood contact.3.3.12 overlapthe width of wrap material that covers aprevious layer of wrap material.3.3.13 powered prestretcha mode of stre
21、tch wrap machin-ery operation in which wrap material elongation is achievedthrough use of a power assist prestretch device and relativeload motion.3.3.14 protrusion puncture resistancethe ability of a wrapmaterial to withstand the force exerted by a protrusion.3.3.15 stretch wrap materiala material
22、used for over-wrapping that elongates when applied under tension and,through elastic recovery conforms to the item(s) packaged.3.3.16 wrap cyclethe series of operations used to wrap aload.3.3.17 yield (coverage)area per unit weight.3.3.18 zipper (tear)a self-propagating tear.4. Significance and Use4
23、.1 This guide is for user evaluation, selection, specifica-tion, and application of stretch wrap materials. It may be usedbetween the buyer and seller to arrive at purchase specifica-tions. Specific methods are contained within the body of theguide for material evaluation, user performance, and qual
24、ityassurance testing.4.2 Care must be exercised in extrapolating test valuesobtained by use of the test methods outlined in this guide, toactual field performance.5. Stretch Film Classification5.1 Stretch wrap films may have the following types:5.1.1 Hand applied film versus machine applied film,5.1
25、.2 Fabrication (blown, cast),5.1.3 Cling Mechanism (two side, one side, no cling,migratory, non-migratory, one side slip, differentiated), and5.1.4 Layer (monolayer, co-extruded).5.2 Grade:5.2.1 Colors, (clear, tints, opaque).5.3 Class:5.3.1 Food Contact, and5.3.2 Non-food Contact.6. Raw Materials a
26、nd Fabrication6.1 Typical materials covered by this guide are as follows:6.1.1 Low-density polyethylene (LDPE),6.1.2 Medium-density polyethylene (MDPE),6.1.3 Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE),6.1.4 Metallocene/m linear low density polyethylene (mLL-DPE):6.1.5 Ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (
27、EVA),6.1.6 Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC),6.1.7 Polypropylene (PP),6.1.8 Other polymeric materials or blends that meet therequirements of this guide. High density polyethylene (HDPE),6.1.9 Ethylene methyl acrylate copolymer (EMA),6.1.10 Very low density polyethylene (VLDPE),6.1.11 Ethylene metallocene p
28、lastomers, and6.1.12 Additives, modifiers and pigments.7. Ordering Information7.1 The inquiry and order for materials shall indicate thefollowing where applicable:7.1.1 Grade and class required,7.1.2 Thickness,7.1.3 Material length per roll,7.1.4 Outside roll diameter,7.1.5 Material width,7.1.6 Core
29、 dimension (inside diameter and extension), and7.1.7 ASTM designation, including revision date.7.2 Where necessary, ordering information may be ex-panded or modified for special uses or materials, such asmethod of stretch and stretch percentage expected.8. Stretch Film and Additives Characteristics8
30、.1 Physical and Mechanical Properties:8.1.1 The properties and test methods in Table 1 shall beused when describing the physical and mechanical character-istics of wrap materials as manufactured.8.1.2 The practices listed in Table 2 can be an aid whendescribing performance characteristics of wrap ma
31、terials, asused for unitizing, reinforcing, and palletizing.8.1.3 Some of the test methods described in Table 1 may beapplied to multiple wraps or stretched specimens, or both, toaid in assessing their performance characteristics.8.1.4 Other tests that may be of value for evaluating actualperformanc
32、e are given in Annex A1.8.2 Other PropertiesFood contact stretch films must con-form to FDA or other governmental regulations, or both, asapplicable.D 4649 03 (2009)28.3 Recyclability/DisposabilityStretch film should be re-cycled whenever possible. Disposability shall be in accordancewith local, sta
33、te, and federal regulations.8.4 Static Discharge Some plastic packaging wrap mate-rials may build up static electrical charge. Care should beexercised in using these materials especially where potentialflammable air vapor or air dust mixtures can exist.9. Dimensions, Mass, and Permissible Variations
34、9.1 The material dimensions and their permissible varia-tions shall conform to the following, unless otherwise specifiedby the user:9.1.1 Thickness (caliper, gage) is expressed in fractions ofan inch or mils. For example, the nominal thickness of 80-gagewrap material is 80/100 000, 0.00080 in., or 0
35、.8 mils,9.1.1.1 As determined by Specification D 2103, and9.1.1.2 The actual wrap material thickness shall not varymore than 625 % of the nominal gage thickness in any onepoint across the width nor 20 % from the nominal thickness forthe average of five consecutive points across the web, mea-sured in
36、 a minimum of 1-in. or 25-mm increments.9.1.2 Roll Weight or YieldSee Table 3.9.1.2.1 Gross weight of hand wrap films generally under 12lb.9.1.3 The film roll width tolerance for wrap materials is 614in. (6 mm) unless otherwise agreed upon between the buyerand the seller.9.1.3.1 Standard widths are
37、10 to 80 in. (254 to 2032 mm)plus 10 to 20 in. (254 to 508 mm) on hand wrap applications.Nonstandard widths are also available.9.1.3.2 Roll width, measured by a steel tape having anaccuracy of 618 in. (3 mm).9.1.4 The roll diameter tolerance is 65 % of nominal out-side diameter.9.1.5 The length per
38、roll of film wrap materials shall bewithin+40% of the length as marked, or as otherwiseagreed between the buyer and the seller, as measured by atapeless measure.10. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance10.1 Wrap materials shall be generally free from defects thatmay affect the serviceability such as w
39、rinkles, fold-overcreases, soft spongy areas, and gels.10.1.1 No splices are allowed.11. Sampling11.1 Sampling shall be in accordance with Practice D 1898.12. Test Methods12.1 The test methods in Annex A1 are not ASTM stan-dards, however these procedures are a necessary part of thisguide.13. Prepara
40、tion for Delivery13.1 Lot or serial number must appear on the individual roll,pallet or case.13.2 Shipping container or individual rolls, or both, shall belabeled in accordance with Practice D 3951 with the followingadditional markings:13.2.1 Product name,13.2.2 Thickness,13.2.3 Material width in in
41、ches or millimetres,13.2.4 Material length per roll in feet or meters,13.2.5 Material weight per roll in pounds or kilograms, and13.2.6 Manufacturers or sellers name.13.3 Where necessary, labeling information may be ex-panded or modified for special uses or materials.14. General Uses14.1 Tensioned s
42、tretch film may be used to secure a han-dling base (skids, platforms, pallets, slip sheets, etc.) to a unitload to expedite handling (tertiary package).14.2 Stretch film may be used to secure cushioning, edgeprotection, or other package components to an individual item(office furniture, windows, etc
43、.) (primary/secondary package).TABLE 1 Physical and Mechanical Properties of MaterialsPropertyCommonUnitSIUnitASTM TestMethodBreaking factor 1 lbf/in. kN/m D 882Clarity % % D 1746Cling (peel) gm N D 5458Coefficient of friction atapproximately 72 and 100F(22 and 38C). . D 1894Density lb/in.3g/cm3D 15
44、05Elastic recovery % % D 5459Elongation at break % % D 882Flammability % 0 % 0 D 2863Force at elongation (50, 100,150, 200 %)lbf/in. kN/m D 882Gloss . . D 2457Haze % % D 1003Protrusion puncture in./lb M/kgAStatic electrification V V D 4470Stress retention % % D 5459Tear resistance (Elmendorf) gm N D
45、 1922Ultimate tensile strength lb/in.2Pa D 882Water vapor transmission rate g/24 h-100in.2g/h-m2E 96/E 96M,Procedure EWetting tension dyne/cm dyne/cm D 2578Yield (coverage) in.2/lb m2/Kg D 4321ANew Standard Test Method for Protrusion Puncture Resistance of Stretch-Wrap Materials is under development
46、.TABLE 2 Test Methods Related to PerformanceProcedure ASTM Test MethodTest Method for Evaluating Abrasion Resistance ofStretch Wrap MaterialD 5416Test Method for Evaluating Load ContainmentPerformance of Stretch Wrap Material by VibrationTestingD 5415Test Method for Evaluation of Horizontal ImpactPe
47、rformance of Stretch Wrap MaterialsD 5414Test Method for Evaluation of Mechanical Handling ofUnitized Loads Secured with Stretch Wrap MaterialsD 5331TABLE 3 Average Weight/Yield Tolerances for Stretch WrapMaterialNumber of Rolls Tolerance, %Any one roll 67Lots over 25 65D 4649 03 (2009)314.3 Stretch
48、 film may be used as a primary protective wrapfor individual products (rolled products, metal coils, etc.)(primary package).14.4 Stretch film may be used to bundle multiple productsand provide surface protection (metal extrusions, wood mold-ing) (primary package).14.5 Stretch film may be applied to
49、rolled forage crops tofacilitate the decomposition into silage (primary package)15. Film Force Applied to the Load15.1 Concept of Load ContainmentProper load contain-ment allows the film to securely hold a load in place, so theload safely arrives intact at a customers location. Stretch filmis properly applied when: film is elongated; applied undertension; and the elastic recovery conforms to the load. Loadcontainment can be increased with additional wraps of stretchfilm, heavier gauge film, or increased post-stretch.15.2 Film Load Containment
