1、Designation: D4740 04 (Reapproved 2014)Standard Test Method forCleanliness and Compatibility of Residual Fuels by SpotTest1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4740; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, t
2、he year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers separate procedures for deter-mining the cleanliness of residual fuel oil and the c
3、ompatibilityof a residual fuel oil with a blend stock. It is applicable toresidual fuel oils with viscosities up to 50 cSt (1 cSt = 1 mm2s)at 100C.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3 This standard does not pu
4、rport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D
5、4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum Products2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:3Reference Spot Sheet3. Terminology3.1 Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 blend stock, na finished residual fuel oil or fue
6、l oilcomponent, including petroleum streams ranging from kero-sine to residuals and asphalt.3.1.2 cleanliness, n of residual fuel, the absence of sus-pended solids in a finished sample.3.1.3 compatibility, nof residual fuel, the absence ofsuspended solids when equal volumes of a sample and a blendst
7、ock are mixed together.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Cleanliness ProcedureA drop of the preheated andthoroughly mixed sample is put on a test paper and placed inan oven at 100C. After 1 h, the test paper is removed from theoven and the resultant spot is examined for evidence ofsuspended solids and ra
8、ted for cleanliness using the D4740Adjunct Reference Spot Sheet.4.2 Compatibility ProcedureA blend composed of equalvolumes of the sample fuel oil and the blend stock is tested inthe same way as described in 4.1 and rated for compatibilityagainst D4740 Adjunct Reference Spot Sheet.5. Significance an
9、d Use5.1 The two procedures in this test method are used alone orin combination to identify fuels or blends that could result inexcessive centrifuge loading, strainer plugging, tank sludgeformation, or similar operating problems.5.2 A spot rating of Number 3 or higher on a finished fueloil by the cl
10、eanliness procedure indicates that the fuel containsexcessive suspended solids and is likely to cause operatingproblems.5.3 Although a fuel may test clean when subjected to thecleanliness procedure, suspended solids may precipitate when1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D0
11、2 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.14 on Stability and Cleanliness of Liquid Fuels.Current edition approved May 1, 2014. Published July 2014. Originally approvedin 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D4740 04 (2009). D
12、OI:10.1520/D4740-04R14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from ASTM International Hea
13、dquarters. Order Adjunct No.ADJD4740. Original adjunct produced in 2000.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1the fuel is mixed with a blend stock. Evidence of suchincompatibility is indicated by a spot rating of Number 3 or
14、higher in the compatibility procedure.6. Apparatus6.1 Test PaperChromatographic or filter paper cut ordivided into appropriately sized squares, strips, or circles.Whatman #2 Qualitative filter paper4has been found to besuitable and was used in the interlaboratory round robin study.In case of dispute
15、, use Whatman #2 Qualitative filter paper.Store the paper, without folding, rolling, or bending, in atightly closed container.6.2 Test Paper SupportFig. 1 shows a suitable support formultiple samples spotted on the same test paper, which shall besupported in a horizontal position so nothing touches
16、test areasof the paper.6.3 OvenAny convection oven capable of maintaining anair temperature of 100 6 2C.6.4 Reference Spot SheetAdjunct for D4740.6.5 Conical Flask, 100-mL capacity.6.6 Heating Bath or Hot Plate, capable of heating sample toa temperature between 90 and 95C.6.7 Temperature Measuring D
17、evice, capable of accuratelymeasuring the temperature within the tolerances required in 6.3and 6.6, such as ASTM 1C thermometer, or liquid-in-glassthermometers, thermocouples, or platinum-resistance ther-mometers that provide equivalent or better accuracy andprecision may be used.7. Sampling7.1 Samp
18、les for this test can come from tanks, lines, drums,or small containers. Use the applicable apparatus and tech-niques described in Practices D4057 or D4177.8. Cleanliness Procedure8.1 Heat the sample in the original container in the heatingbath or on a hot plate to above 90 to ensure the sample is i
19、na fluid state.8.2 Mix thoroughly.NOTE 1Mechanical shaking or mechanical mixing is recommended.8.3 Pour approximately 50 mL of the sample into a 100-mLconical flask and place the flask in the heating bath or on a hotplate.8.4 Heat the sample uniformly by stirring and maintain thesample temperature b
20、etween 90 and 95C for 15 to 20 min.8.5 Position the test paper so the test portion is clear of anysupport (Fig. 1), and place in the oven for a minimum of 5 minallowing the paper temperature to attain the oven temperature.8.6 Preheat the glass rod by dipping into and stirring theheated sample for ab
21、out 20 s. Withdraw the rod and allow thefirst drop to fall back into the conical flask. Allow the seconddrop to fall onto the test paper which is supported horizontallyin the oven heated to a temperature of 100C.8.6.1 A number of samples may be spotted on the same testpaper. The spot centers must no
22、t be closer than 50 mm and atleast 25 mm from the edge of the test paper.8.7 Dry the test paper in the oven maintained at 100 6 2Cfor 1 h. The test paper must be kept level and supported in sucha manner to prevent the spotted portion from coming intocontact with any surface.8.8 After 1 h, remove the
23、 test paper from the oven. Refer tothe reference spot adjunct and to the reference spot descriptionsgiven in Table 1. Compare the spot with the standard spots onthe adjunct and record the spot number having the closestresemblance. If the sample spot is rated between two consecu-tive spots on the adj
24、unct, record the larger number.4The sole source of supply of Whatman paper No. 2 known to the committee atthis time is Whatman, Inc., 9 Bridewell Place, Clifton, NJ 07014. If you are awareof alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM InternationalHeadquarters. Your comments will
25、receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee,1which you may attend.FIG. 1 Support for Test PaperTABLE 1 Reference Spot DescriptionReferenceSpot No.Characterizing Features1 Homogeneous spot (no inner ring)2 Faint or poorly defined inner ring3 Well-defined thin inne
26、r ring, only slightly darker than the back-ground4 Well-defined inner ring, thicker than the ring in reference spot No. 3and somewhat darker than the background5 Very dark solid or nearly solid area in the center. The central area ismuch darker than the backgroundD4740 04 (2014)2NOTE 2Ignore differe
27、nces in overall darkness, color, size, andappearance of the outer edges.9. Compatibility Procedure9.1 Pour 30 mL of test sample in an appropriate container,heating if necessary.9.2 Add an equal volume of blend stock to the test sampleand mix the contents thoroughly.9.3 The equal volume of blend is g
28、enerally the most severecondition for measuring compatibility. If in actual practice anapplication requires a blending ratio other than equal parts,conduct the test using the actual blend ratio for the test resultsto have a good probability of being indicative of the finalblend.9.4 Immediately test
29、50 mL of the mixture as described in8.3 8.8.10. Report10.1 Report the cleanliness or the compatibility rating as aninteger from 1 to 5, as determined in 8.8. Report the blend ratiowhen other than 50:50 is used to determine the capabilityrating.11. Precision and Bias11.1 Precision and bias statements
30、 have not been deter-mined for the preparation of the spots; however, a precisionstatement regarding how different individuals rate spots wasdetermined by a modified round robin test. The need forstatements pertaining to the preparation of the spots is beingconsidered.11.1.1 The precision of the pro
31、cedure in Test MethodD4740, for different individuals using the same D4740AdjunctReference Spots in conjunction with Table 1 to rate the samespots prepared in accordance with Test Method D4740 fromfield samples, as determined at a common site is as follows:11.1.1.1 RepeatabilityThe difference betwee
32、n successiveratings of the same spot by the same individual viewed undersame conditions would, in the long run, not exceed one ratingnumber only in one case in twenty.11.1.1.2 ReproducibilityThe difference between twosingle independent ratings obtained by different individuals forthe same spot viewe
33、d under the same conditions would, in thelong run, not exceed one rating number only in one case intwenty.11.2 BiasSince there is no accepted reference materialsuitable for preparing the spots used in the spot ratingprocedures in Test Method D4740, bias has not been deter-mined.12. Keywords12.1 clea
34、nliness; compatibility; residual fuel; spot testASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights,
35、 and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for rev
36、ision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you
37、 shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be
38、obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 04 (2014)3
